Abstract
BackgroundGGPP (geranylgeranyl diphosphate) is produced in the isoprenoid pathway and mediates the function of various plant metabolites, which is synthesized by GGPPS (GGPP synthases) in plants. GGPPS characterization has not been performed in any plant species except Arabidopsis thaliana. Here, we performed a complete computational and bioinformatics analysis of GGPPS and detected their transcription expression pattern in Gossypium hirsutum for the first time so that to explore their evolutionary relationship and potential functions. Finally, we unravelled evolutionary relationship, conserved sequence logos, gene duplication and potential involvement in plant development and abiotic stresses tolerance of GGPPS genes in G. hirsutum and other plant species.ResultsA total of 159 GGPPS genes from 18 plant species were identified and evolutionary analysis divided these GGPPS genes into five groups to indicate their divergence from a common ancestor. Further, GGPPS family genes were conserved during evolution and underwent segmental duplication. The identified 25 GhGGPPS genes showed diverse expression pattern particularly in ovule and fiber development indicating their vital and divers roles in the fiber development. Additionally, GhGGPPS genes exhibited wide range of responses when subjected to abiotic (heat, cold, NaCl and PEG) stresses and hormonal (BL, GA, IAA, SA and MeJA) treatments, indicating their potential roles in various biotic and abiotic stresses tolerance.ConclusionsThe GGPPS genes are evolutionary conserved and might be involve in different developmental stages and stress response. Some potential key genes (e.g. GhGGPP4, GhGGPP9, and GhGGPP15) were suggested for further study and provided valuable source for cotton breeding to improve fiber quality and resistant to various stresses.
Highlights
GGPP is produced in the isoprenoid pathway and mediates the function of various plant metabolites, which is synthesized by geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGPPS) (GGPP synthases) in plants
One GGPPS gene was identified from C. reinhardtii, two from S. bicolor and P. patens, three from S. moellendorfii and M. truncatula, four from Z. mays and V. vinifera, five from T. cacao, six from S. tuberosum, seven from G. max and P. taeda, eight from O. sativa, 10 from G. arboreum, and G. raimondii, 12 from Arabidopsis, 25 from B. napus, G. barbadense and G. hirsutum
Evolutionary analysis of GGPPS genes we investigated the evolutionary relationships among 159 GGPPS genes of all observed plant species to assume evolutionary mechanisms leading to the formation and maintenance of multiple gene copies within them
Summary
GGPP (geranylgeranyl diphosphate) is produced in the isoprenoid pathway and mediates the function of various plant metabolites, which is synthesized by GGPPS (GGPP synthases) in plants. Isoprenoids have important functions in plant photosynthesis and respiration processes and involve many hormonal pathways (abscisic acid, brassinosteroids, cytokinin, gibberellin, and strigolactones) important for development and growth regulation in plants [1,2,3,4]. Prenyl diphosphate synthases are active with important isozymes for isoprenoid metabolism, use isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) as substrates in the mevalonate (MVA) or methylerythritol (MEP) pathway. They are represented by three enzymes such as geranyl diphosphate synthase (GPPS), farnesyldiphosphate synthase (FPPS) and geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGPPS) in plants [4]. GGPPS exerts successive additions of IPP to DMAPP, GPP and FPP as a homodimer [5] and have been studied in many organisms such as bacteria [6], yeast [7], fungi [8], plants [9], mammals [10] and insects [11]
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