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Abstract
BackgroundPanax ginseng is a well-known medicinal plant worldwide. As an herbal medicine, ginseng is also known for its long lifecycle, which can reach several decades. WRKY proteins play regulatory roles in many aspects of biological processes in plants, such as responses to biotic or abiotic stress, plant development, and adaptation to environmental challenges. Genome-wide analyses of WRKY genes in P. ginseng have not been reported.ResultsIn this study, 137 PgWRKY genes were identified from the ginseng genome. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the PgWRKYs could be clustered into three primary groups and five subgroups. Most of the PgWRKY gene promoters contained several kinds of hormone- and stress-related cis-regulatory elements. The expression patterns of PgWRKY genes in 14 different tissues were analyzed based on the available public RNA-seq data. The responses of the PgWRKY genes to heat, cold, salt and drought treatment were also investigated. Most of the PgWRKY genes were expressed differently after heat treatment, and expression trends changed significantly under drought and cold treatment but only slightly under salt treatment. The coexpression analysis of PgWRKY genes with the ginsenoside biosynthesis pathway genes identified 11 PgWRKYs that may have a potential regulatory role in the biosynthesis process of ginsenoside.ConclusionsThis work provides insights into the evolution, modulation and distribution of the WRKY gene family in ginseng and extends our knowledge of the molecular basis along with modulatory mechanisms of WRKY transcription factors in ginsenoside biosynthesis.
Highlights
Panax ginseng is a well-known medicinal plant worldwide
Transcription factors (TFs) bind to the DNA regulator sequence to modulate the rate of gene transcription, and they usually play an essential role in responding to complex environmental changes during plant development [1, 2]
Identification, classification and phylogenetic analysis of WRKY transcription factors in ginseng A total of 137 WRKY (PgWRKY1 to PgWRKY137) transcription factors were identified from the public ginseng genome data resource and confirmed by the HMMSCAN search, SMART database, and NCBIConserved Domain Database
Summary
Panax ginseng is a well-known medicinal plant worldwide. As an herbal medicine, ginseng is known for its long lifecycle, which can reach several decades. WRKY proteins play regulatory roles in many aspects of biological processes in plants, such as responses to biotic or abiotic stress, plant development, and adaptation to environmental challenges. Genome-wide analyses of WRKY genes in P. ginseng have not been reported. Transcription factors (TFs) bind to the DNA regulator sequence to modulate the rate of gene transcription, and they usually play an essential role in responding to complex environmental changes during plant development [1, 2]. The study of the WRKY family has mainly addressed the biological progress of plants, consisting of biotic and abiotic stress responses, along with plant growth processes. In response to abiotic and biotic stresses, WRKY usually plays an indispensable role. It modulates responses to drought stress in A. thaliana [22, 23] and heat stress in rice (O. sativa) [24], salt stress in soybean (G. max) [25], ozone stress in Viburnum lantana and Pak Choi [26, 27], and cold stress in rice (O. sativa) [28, 29]
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