Abstract
The Arabidopsis Tóxicos en Levadura (ATL) protein family is a class of E3 ubiquitin ligases with a characteristic RING-H2 Zn-finger structure that mediates diverse physiological processes and stress responses in plants. We carried out a genome-wide survey of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) ATL genes and retrieved 96 sequences containing the canonical ATL RING-H2 domain. We analysed their genomic organisation, gene structure and evolution, protein domains and phylogenetic relationships. Clustering revealed several clades, as already reported in Arabidopsis thaliana and rice (Oryza sativa), with an expanded subgroup of grapevine-specific genes. Most of the grapevine ATL genes lacked introns and were scattered among the 19 chromosomes, with a high level of duplication retention. Expression profiling revealed that some ATL genes are expressed specifically during early or late development and may participate in the juvenile to mature plant transition, whereas others may play a role in pathogen and/or abiotic stress responses, making them key candidates for further functional analysis. Our data offer the first genome-wide overview and annotation of the grapevine ATL family, and provide a basis for investigating the roles of specific family members in grapevine physiology and stress responses, as well as potential biotechnological applications.
Highlights
The Arabidopsis Tóxicos en Levadura (ATL) protein family is a class of E3 ubiquitin ligases with a characteristic REALLY INTERESTING NEW GENE (RING)-H2 Zn-finger structure that mediates diverse physiological processes and stress responses in plants
The Arabidopsis Tóxicos en Levadura (ATL) protein family features a specific variant of the RING domain (RING-H2) and is so named because the first member (AtATL2)
Each potential RING-H2 domain was analysed for the presence of, and the distance between, each of the Zn-coordinating cysteine and histidine residues, as well as the presence of a proline residue before the third cysteine according to the original ATL definition reported for the ATL family in Arabidopsis[12]
Summary
The Arabidopsis Tóxicos en Levadura (ATL) protein family is a class of E3 ubiquitin ligases with a characteristic RING-H2 Zn-finger structure that mediates diverse physiological processes and stress responses in plants. We carried out a genome-wide survey of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) ATL genes and retrieved 96 sequences containing the canonical ATL RING-H2 domain. E3 ubiquitin ligases are by far the most diverse and abundant enzymes in the ubiquitinylation cascade in plants, reflecting their versatile activity in different pathways leading to proteolytic degradation[6]. These pathways are active under physiological conditions, and in response to stress and during plant–. The Arabidopsis Tóxicos en Levadura (ATL) protein family features a specific variant of the RING domain (RING-H2) and is so named because the first member (AtATL2)
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