Genome-Wide Analysis of von Willebrand Factor A Gene Family in Rice for Its Role in Imparting Biotic Stress Resistance with Emphasis on Rice Blast Disease

Abstract

von Willebrand factor A (vWA) genes are well characterized in humans except for few BONZAI genes, but the vWA genes are least explored in plants. Considering the novelty and vital role of vWA genes, this study aimed at characterization of vWA superfamily in rice. Rice genome was found to have 40 vWA genes distributed across all the 12 chromosomes, and 20 of the 40 vWA genes were unique while the remaining shared large fragment similarities with each other, indicating gene duplication. In addition to vWA domain, vWA proteins possess other different motifs or domains, such as ubiquitin interacting motif in protein degradation pathway, and RING finger in protein-protein interaction. Expression analysis of vWA genes in available expression data suggested that they probably function in biotic and abiotic stress responses including hormonal response and signaling. The frequency of transposon elements in the entire 3K rice germplasm was negligible except for 9 vWA genes, indicating the importance of these genes in rice. Structural and functional diversities showed that the vWA genes in a blast-resistant rice variety Tetep had huge variations compared to blast-susceptible rice varieties HP2216 and Nipponbare. qRT-PCR analysis of vWA genes in Magnaporthe oryzae infected rice tissues indicated OsvWA9, OsvWA36, OsvWA37 and OsvWA18 as the optimal candidate genes for disease resistance. This is the first attempt to characterize vWA gene family in plant species.