Abstract
African bermudagrass (Cynodon transvaalensis Burtt–Davy) is an important warm-season turfgrass and forage grass species. Heat shock protein 20 (HSP20) is a diverse, ancient, and important protein family. To date, HSP20 genes have not been characterized genome-widely in African bermudagrass. Here, we confirmed 41 HSP20 genes in African bermudagrass genome. On the basis of the phylogenetic tree and cellular locations, the HSP20 proteins were classified into 12 subfamilies. Motif composition was consistent with the phylogeny. Moreover, we identified 15 pairs of paralogs containing nine pairs of tandem duplicates and six pairs of WGD/segmental duplicates of HSP20 genes. Unsurprisingly, the syntenic genes revealed that African bermudagrass had a closer evolutionary relationship with monocots (maize and rice) than dicots (Arabidopsis and soybean). The expression patterns of HSP20 genes were identified with the transcriptome data under abiotic stresses. According to the expression profiles, HSP20 genes could be clustered into three groups (Groups I, II, and III). Group I was the largest, and these genes were up-regulated in response to heat stress as expected. In Group II, one monocot-specific HSP20, CtHSP20-14 maintained higher expression levels under optimum temperature and low temperature, but not high temperature. Moreover, a pair of WGD/segmental duplicates CtHSP20-9 and CtHSP20-10 were among the most conserved HSP20s across different plant species, and they seemed to be positively selected in response to extreme temperatures during evolution. A total of 938 cis-elements were captured in the putative promoters of HSP20 genes. Almost half of the cis-elements were stress responsive, indicating that the expression pattern of HSP20 genes under abiotic stresses might be largely regulated by the cis-elements. Additionally, three-dimensional structure simulations and protein–protein interaction networks were incorporated to resolve the function mechanism of HSP20 proteins. In summary, the findings fulfilled the HSP20 family analysis and could provide useful information for further functional investigations of the specific HSP20s (e.g., CtHSP20-9, CtHSP20-10, and CtHSP20-14) in African bermudagrass.
Highlights
As sessile organisms, plants are more prone to environmental stresses that could cause an adverse impact on growth and development, such as drought, salinity, cold, and high temperature (Filomena et al, 2009; Herman et al, 2017)
The remaining 41 high-confidence candidates were preserved as the Heat shock protein 20 (HSP20) members and were named with CtHSP20-1 to CtHSP20-41 according to their chromosomal positions
The CtHSP20s were randomly localized on different chromosomes, and they were classified into 12 subfamilies based on the phylogenetic tree and cellular locations
Summary
Plants are more prone to environmental stresses that could cause an adverse impact on growth and development, such as drought, salinity, cold, and high temperature (Filomena et al, 2009; Herman et al, 2017). HSPs as molecular chaperones were distributed in diverse organisms and played crucial roles in assisting protein folding and preventing protein aggregation (Becker and Craig, 1994; Tyedmers et al, 2010). They are known to function in developmental stages and to respond to other abiotic stresses such as low temperature, drought, salinity, and stress-induced oxidative stress (Smirnoff, 1998; Yadav et al, 2021). CI to CVII are localized to the cytoplasmic/nuclear, M (MI and MII) are localized to the mitochondria, and ER, P, and Po are localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), plastids (Ps), and peroxisomes (Pos), respectively
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