Abstract
BackgroundMADS-box genes play important roles in vegetative growth and reproductive development and are essential for the correct development of plants (particularly inflorescences, flowers, and fruits). However, this gene family has not been identified nor their functions analyzed in Brassica oleracea.ResultsIn this study, we performed a whole-genome survey of the complete set of MADS-box genes in B. oleracea. In total, 91 MADS-box transcription factors (TFs) were identified and categorized as type I (Mα, Mβ, Mγ) and type II (MIKCC, MIKC*) groups according to the phylogeny and gene structure analysis. Among these genes, 59 were randomly distributed on 9 chromosomes, while the other 23 were assigned to 19 scaffolds and 9 genes from NCBI had no location information. Both RNA-sequencing and quantitative real-time-PCR analysis suggested that MIKC genes had more active and complex expression patterns than M type genes and most type II genes showed high flowering-related expression profiles. Additional quantitative real-time-PCR analysis of pedicel and four flower whorls revealed that the structure of the B.oleracea MIKC genes was conserved, but their homologues showed variable expression patterns compared to those in Arabidopsis thaliana.ConclusionThis paper gives a detailed overview of the BolMADS genes and their expression patterns. The results obtained in this study provide useful information for understanding the molecular regulation of flower development and further functional characterization of MADS-box genes in B. oleracea.
Highlights
MADS-box genes play important roles in vegetative growth and reproductive development and are essential for the correct development of plants
The MADS domain was named after the first four members of this family encoded by genes, MINICHROMOSOME MAINTENANCE 1 (MCM1) from yeast [2], AGAMOUS (AG) from Arabidopsis thaliana [3], DEFICIENS (DEF) from Antirrhinum majus [4], and SERUM RESPONSE FACTOR (SRF) from Homo
82 genes were found in the B. oleracea genome database, and 9 genes were acquired from the NCBI database
Summary
MADS-box genes play important roles in vegetative growth and reproductive development and are essential for the correct development of plants ( inflorescences, flowers, and fruits). This gene family has not been identified nor their functions analyzed in Brassica oleracea. I is a less conserved region consisting of approximately 30 amino acids and determines the specific binding of transcription factors to DNA and dimer formation. The C-terminal domain is the least conserved region, consists mainly of hydrophobic amino acids, and plays an important role in the formation and transcriptional activation of protein complexes [6, 11, 12]. In Arabidopsis, Mδ genes are assigned as MIKC∗-type genes based on their relatively close relationships with MIKCC-type genes [15]
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