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Abstract
The heavy metal ATPase (HMA) family plays an important role in transition metal transport in plants. However, this gene family has not been extensively studied in Populus trichocarpa. We identified 17 HMA genes in P. trichocarpa (PtHMAs), of which PtHMA1–PtHMA4 belonged to the zinc (Zn)/cobalt (Co)/cadmium (Cd)/lead (Pb) subgroup, and PtHMA5–PtHMA8 were members of the copper (Cu)/silver (Ag) subgroup. Most of the genes were localized to chromosomes I and III. Gene structure, gene chromosomal location, and synteny analyses of PtHMAs indicated that tandem and segmental duplications likely contributed to the expansion and evolution of the PtHMAs. Most of the HMA genes contained abiotic stress-related cis-elements. Tissue-specific expression of PtHMA genes showed that PtHMA1 and PtHMA4 had relatively high expression levels in the leaves, whereas Cu/Ag subgroup (PtHMA5.1- PtHMA8) genes were upregulated in the roots. High concentrations of Cu, Ag, Zn, Cd, Co, Pb, and Mn differentially regulated the expression of PtHMAs in various tissues. The preliminary results of the present study generated basic information on the HMA family of Populus that may serve as foundation for future functional studies.
Highlights
One of the negative effects of industrialization is heavy metal pollution, which is deleterious to the environment and to human health
We used WoLF PSORT to predict the location of the proteins and noticed that most PtHMA genes were predicted as plasma membrane proteins, except PtHMA1 and PtHMA5.1, which were located in the cytoplasm (Table 1)
These studies revealed that AtHMA1, AtHMA6, and AtHMA8 were located in the chloroplast; AtHMA2, AtHMA4, and AtHMA5 were located in plasma membrane; and AtHMA3 and AtHMA7 were in the vacuole and Golgi, respectively (Williams and Mills, 2005)
Summary
One of the negative effects of industrialization is heavy metal pollution, which is deleterious to the environment and to human health. Heavy (transition) metals cause toxicity at the cellular level by binding to sulfhydryl groups in proteins and inhibiting enzyme activity or protein function. Exposure to heavy metals may induce deficiencies in other essential ions by disrupting cellular transport processes and causing oxidative damage (Williams and Mills, 2005). Plants have evolved regulatory mechanisms on heavy metal ion toxicity tolerance and ensure an adequate supply of essential nutrients. Progress in the development of genetic and molecular techniques has helped with in identification of various gene families that function in metal transportation (Williams and Mills, 2005)
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