Abstract
Snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus L.), a member of the Plantaginaceae family, is an important model for plant genetics and molecular studies on plant growth and development, transposon biology and self-incompatibility. Here we report a near-complete genome assembly of A. majus cultivar JI7 (A. majus cv.JI7) comprising 510 Megabases (Mb) of genomic sequence and containing 37,714 annotated protein-coding genes. Scaffolds covering 97.12% of the assembled genome were anchored on eight chromosomes. Comparative and evolutionary analyses revealed that a whole-genome duplication event occurred in the Plantaginaceae around 46–49 million years ago (Ma). We also uncovered the genetic architectures associated with complex traits such as flower asymmetry and self-incompatibility, identifying a unique duplication of TCP family genes dated to around 46–49 Ma and reconstructing a near-complete ψS-locus of roughly 2 Mb. The genome sequence obtained in this study not only provides a representative genome sequenced from the Plantaginaceae but also brings the popular plant model system of Antirrhinum into the genomic age.
Highlights
The genus Antirrhinum belongs to the family Plantaginaceae and includes about 20 species with the chromosome number of 2n = 2x = 16
We found that the whole-genome duplication (WGD) contributed to the evolution of the TCP gene family related to flower asymmetry in A. majus
The average divergence time of the S-RNases of A. hispanicum is estimated to be around 62–120 million years ago (Ma), similar to the species divergence between Antirrhinum and Solanaceae species estimated in our study (Supplementary Data Set 13). These results suggest that the divergence of S-RNase occurred before the WGD and they were well maintained in the lineage of Antirrhinum
Summary
Five transposable elements (Tam[1], Tam[2], Tam[3], Tam[4] and Tam11) 14–18 have contributed to the identification of floral homeotic genes These studies have been carried out without the benefit of a genome sequence to provide an overall evolutionary and architectural context for these genes, transposons and traits. Comparative analysis based on this sequence reveals that the Plantaginaceae and Solanaceae diverged from their most recent ancestor about 62 Ma, and that a whole-genome duplication (WGD) event occurred around 46–49 Ma. We found that the WGD contributed to the evolution of the TCP gene family related to flower asymmetry in A. majus. The genome sequence provided here will accelerate genomic and evolutionary studies in this model species
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