Abstract

BackgroundThe PVL-positive ST772-MRSA-V is an emerging community-associated (CA-) MRSA clone that has been named Bengal Bay Clone since most patients have epidemiological connections to the Indian subcontinent. It is found increasingly common in other areas of the world.MethodsOne isolate of ST772-MRSA-V was sequenced using the Illumina Genome Analyzer System. After initial assembling the multiple sequence contigs were analysed using different in-house annotation scripts. Results were compared to microarray hybridisation results of clinical isolates of ST772-MRSA-V, of related strains and to another ST772-MRSA-V genome sequence.ResultsAccording to MLST e-burst analysis, ST772-MRSA-V belongs to Clonal Complex (CC)1, differing from ST1 only in one MLST allele (pta-22). However, there are several additional differences including agr alleles (group II rather than III), capsule type (5 rather than 8), the presence of the egc enterotoxin gene cluster and of the enterotoxin homologue ORF CM14 as well as the absence of the enterotoxin H gene seh. Enterotoxin genes sec and sel are present. ST772-MRSA-V harbours the genes encoding enterotoxin A (sea) and PVL (lukS/F-PV). Both are located on the same prophage.ConclusionsST772-MRSA-V may have emerged from the same lineage as globally spread CC1 and CC5 strains. It has acquired a variety of virulence factors, and for a CA-MRSA strain it has an unusually high number of genes associated with antibiotic resistance.

Highlights

  • The Panton Valentine leukocidin (PVL)-positive ST772-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)-V is an emerging community-associated (CA-) MRSA clone that has been named Bengal Bay Clone since most patients have epidemiological connections to the Indian subcontinent

  • ST772-MRSA-V, colloquially known as the Bengal Bay Clone [3], is a multiresistant PVL-positive community associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) initially isolated in India in 2004/2005 [4]

  • According to multilocus sequence type (MLST) e-burst analysis, ST772 is considered to belong to Clonal Complex (CC) 1 as it differs from ST1 only in one MLST allele

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Summary

Methods

High-throughput de novo sequencing was undertaken commercially by Geneservice Source BioScience plc (Nottingham, United Kingdom) using the Illumina Genome Analyzer System (Illumina Hiseq 2000 platform, Illumina, Essex, United Kingdom). The reads were assembled to contigs using the Velvet de novo genome assembler (vers.1.0.15; Illumina). Analysis Analysis was performed using automated scripts for full text comparison and BLAST analysis and an in-house database of known, annotated and previously identified S. aureus genomes, genes and gene fragments to the query sequence. This allows determination of identity, clonal parentage and (given the constant order of core genomic genes in S. aureus) position within the genome of each contig (Additional file 2). In parallel, iterated BLAST searches were used for analysis of individual contigs in order to confirm results In parallel, iterated BLAST searches were used for analysis of individual contigs in order to confirm results (http://blast.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov/Blast.cgi; [20])

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