Abstract
Circular patterns called “fairy rings” in fields are a natural phenomenon that arises through the interaction between basidiomycete fungi and plants. Acceleration or inhibition of plant vegetative growth and the formation of mushroom fruiting bodies are both commonly observed when fairy rings form. The gene of an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of these regulators was recently isolated in the fairy ring-forming fungus, Lepista sordida. To identify other genes involved in L. sordida fairy ring formation, we used previously generated sequence data to produce a more complete draft genome sequence for this species. Finally, we predicted the metabolic pathways of the plant growth regulators and 29 candidate enzyme-coding genes involved in fairy-ring formation based on gene annotations. Comparisons of protein coding genes among basidiomycete fungi revealed two nitric oxide synthase gene candidates that were uniquely encoded in genomes of fairy ring-forming fungi. These results provide a basis for the discovery of genes involved in fairy ring formation and for understanding the mechanisms involved in the interaction between fungi and plants. We also constructed a new web database F-RINGS (http://bioinf.mind.meiji.ac.jp/f-rings/) to provide the comprehensive genomic information for L. sordida.
Highlights
Fairy rings are a natural phenomenon that exhibits circular patterns on turfgrass, pasture, or meadows due to interaction between basidiomycete fungi and plants[1]
We reported that fairy chemicals were endogenously synthesized in plants by a novel purine metabolic pathway[10]
Less knowledge has accumulated on which genes are responsible at each step in this biological pathway and which genes are related to biosynthesis of the bioactive compounds
Summary
The following searches of the protein coding genes assigned 99.3% of the genes in the L. sordida genome to existing functional annotations. Comparison of genomic information from multiple species allows screening of genes that are uniquely conserved among species with the same biological function[27,28,29,30] The genome of another fairy ring-forming fungus, Paxillus involutus, was sequenced by Kohler et al.[31]. We further attempted to screen for genes common in L. sordida and P. involutus, but not found in other mushroom-forming fungi, as candidates involved in fairy ring formation. The ‘Link’ page includes web links with existing public domains about fairy-ring formation, and NCBI domains about gene involved in the production of fairy chemicals These are useful for in-house applications such as comparative genomics or transcriptome analyses in L. sordida and other evolutionarily related mushroom species
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