Abstract
This chapter discusses the challenges facing woody perennial trees, namely the heterozygosity of outcrossing species and limited genomic resources. Gene knockouts (KO) represent the predominant applications of the CRISPR technology in woody perennial crops to date and will be the focus of this chapter. The issues considered for gene KO are generally applicable to other CRISPR applications targeting regulatory sequences or non-coding genes. Case studies from the Populus 4-coumarate:CoA ligase (4CL) family are presented to demonstrate the power of CRISPR in elucidating functional redundancy as well as specificity of duplicated genes in a perennial woody species.
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