Abstract
Global aquaculture production continues to increase rapidly. One of the most important species of marine fish currently cultivated in Southern Europe is Solea senegalensis, reaching more than 300 Tn in 2017. In the present work, 14 Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) clones containing candidate genes involved in the immune system (b2m, il10, tlr3, tap1, tnfα, tlr8, trim25, lysg, irf5, hmgb2, calr, trim16, and mx), were examined and compared with other species using multicolor Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (mFISH), massive sequencing and bioinformatic analysis to determine the genomic surroundings and syntenic chromosomal conservation of the genomic region contained in each BAC clone. The mFISH showed that the groups of genes hmgb2-trim25-irf5-b2m; tlr3-lysg; tnfα-tap1, and il10-mx-trim16 were co-localized on the same chromosomes. Synteny results suggested that the studied BACs are placed in a smaller number of chromosomes in S. senegalensis that in other species. Phylogenetic analyses suggested that the evolutionary rate of immune system genes studied is similar among the taxa studied, given that the clustering obtained was in accordance with the accepted phylogenetic relationships among these species. This study contributes to a better understanding of the structure and function of the immune system of the Senegalese sole, which is essential for the development of new technologies and products to improve fish health and productivity.
Highlights
Global aquaculture production continues to increase rapidly, yet only a small proportion of the aquatic animals and plants being produced are obtained from managed breeding and improvement programs (MacKenzie and Jentoft, 2016)
This practice has resulted in the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in Immunology and Aquaculture in Solea senegalensis aquaculture environments, the increase of antibiotic resistance in fish pathogens, the transfer of these resistance determinants to bacteria affecting land animals and to human pathogens, and alterations of the bacterial microbiome in both sediments and water column (Han et al, 2017)
The results show that large parts of the genomic regions tend to be conserved in the species most closely related to S. senegalensis, such as the Pleuronectiformes C. semilaevis and S. maximus, with C. semilaevis being the species that presents the most homology between the genomic regions analyzed
Summary
Global aquaculture production continues to increase rapidly, yet only a small proportion of the aquatic animals and plants being produced are obtained from managed breeding and improvement programs (MacKenzie and Jentoft, 2016). The accelerated growth of aquaculture has resulted in adverse effects to the natural environment and to human health This concern is illustrated by the widespread and, in some cases, unrestricted use of prophylactic antibiotics in this industry, with the objective of preventing bacterial infections resulting from sanitary shortcomings in fish rearing. This practice has resulted in the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in Immunology and Aquaculture in Solea senegalensis aquaculture environments, the increase of antibiotic resistance in fish pathogens, the transfer of these resistance determinants to bacteria affecting land animals and to human pathogens, and alterations of the bacterial microbiome in both sediments and water column (Han et al, 2017). Few studies deal with the immune system in commercially important fish species
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