Abstract
Soybean cyst nematode (SCN, Heterodera glycines) is a chief plant–parasitic nematode of soybean. Application of synthetic chemical nematicides poses negative side effects to human health and the environment. Therefore, the search for a safe and effective approach is more relevant. This study evaluated the effects of Genistein and Daidzein on the physiological index of soybean cyst nematodes, individual morphology, reversal frequency, respiration, and body fluid leaking of second–stage juveniles (J2s) of soybean cyst nematode. The results showed that body length of J2s decreased, while stylet and tail transparent area elongated. Additionally, after the treatment, the body became hollow and shrunken, the J2s stiffened, whereas the reversal frequency decreased dramatically after 24 h of treatment. Moreover, the body fluid leakage was intensified and respiration was inhibited. Oxygen consumption decreased by 86.7 % and 70.1 %, while, in contrast, electrical conductivity increased by 40.1 % and 36 % at 100 μg mL−1 of Genistein and Daidzein, respectively, after 48 h of exposure. The smaller number of J2s in soybean roots, the slower development rate, and the abnormal sexual differentiation were found in greenhouse assay. Thus, Genistein and Daidzein, especially Genistein, have strong effects on the physiological index of soybean cyst nematodes. Moreover, the effects were time and dosage–dependent.
Highlights
Nematoda is the phylum of Kingdom Animalia that can be found in almost any type of environment (Blaxter and Denver, 2012)
This study evaluated the effects of Genistein and Daidzein on the physiological index of soybean cyst nematodes, individual morphology, reversal frequency, respiration, and body fluid leaking of second–stage juveniles (J2s) of soybean cyst nematode
Stylet activity can be affected by chemical or bio– factors, such as exposure to root exudate, and is known to stimulate stylet thrusting in some plant–parasitic nematodes (Warnock et al, 2016)
Summary
Nematoda is the phylum of Kingdom Animalia that can be found in almost any type of environment (Blaxter and Denver, 2012). An example is the mouthpart of plant parasite nematode, a needle–like stylet, which is used to puncture cells during feeding (Yeates et al, 1993). Stylet activity can be affected by chemical or bio– factors, such as exposure to root exudate, and is known to stimulate stylet thrusting in some plant–parasitic nematodes (Warnock et al, 2016). Soybean cyst nematode (SCN, Heterodera glycines) is one of the most devastating diseases in soybean crops worldwide. The only state that infects soybean roots of SCN is J2. Chemicals that affect the activity of J2, poisoned them, reduce J2 infestation ability, or even kill them, inhibiting their infection to plant roots and reducing the damage of SCN to soybean
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