Abstract
Genistein (GE) was reported to exert a wide spectrum of biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-mutagenic, anticancer, and cardio-protective effects. In addition, both clinical and preclinical studies have recently suggested GE a potential neuroprotective and memory-enhancing drug against neurodegenerative diseases. The animal model of scopolamine (Scop)-induced amnesia is widely used to study underlying mechanisms and treatment of cognitive impairment in neurodegenerative diseases. However, there is no report about the effects of GE on Scop-induced amnesia in mice. Therefore, the present study was carried out to investigate the beneficial effects and potential mechanism of GE against Scop-induced deficits in mice. The mice were orally pretreated with either GE (10, 20, and 40 mg/kg) or donepezil (1.60 mg/kg) for 14 days. After the pretreatment, the open field test was conducted to assess the effect of GE on the locomotor activity of mice. Thereafter, mice were daily injected with Scop (0.75 mg/kg) intraperitoneally to induce memory deficits and subjected to the cognitive behavioral tests including the Object Location Recognition (OLR) experiment and Morris Water Maze (MWM) task. After the behavioral tests, biochemical parameter assay and western blot analysis were used to examine the underlying mechanisms of its action. The results showed that GE administration significantly improved the cognitive performance of Scop-treated mice in OLR and Morris water maze tests, exerting the memory-enhancing effects. Additionally, GE remarkably promoted the cholinergic neurotransmission and protected against the oxidative stress damage in the hippocampus of Scop-treated mice, as indicated by decreasing AChE activity, elevating ChAT activity and Ach level, increasing SOD activity, lowering the level of MDA and increasing GSH content. Furthermore, GE was found to significantly upregulate the expression levels of p-ERK, p-CREB and BDNF proteins in the hippocampus of Scop-treated mice. Taken together, these results for the first time found that GE exerts cognitive-improving effects in Scop-induced amnesia and suggested it may be a potential candidate compound for the treatment of some neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s Disease (AD).
Highlights
Genistein, chemically known as 4,5,7-trihydroxyisoflavone, is a non-steroidal polyphenol and is the most widely studied soy isoflavone so far (Mirahmadia et al, 2018)
In vivo studies, accumulated evidence has showed that GE is capable to ameliorate several cognitive impairments animal models, such as OVX rats (Huang and Zhang, 2010; Khodamoradi et al, 2018), amyloid β(1–40) rat model of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) (Bagheri et al, 2011; Ding et al, 2013), LPS-induced memory deficits in rat and mice (Lee et al, 2017; Mirahmadia et al, 2018), Diabetes Associated Cognitive Decline (DACD) in mice (Rajput and Sarkar, 2017), 3-Nitropropionic acid (3-NPA) induced rat model of HD (Menze et al, 2015) and 6-hydroxydopamine hemi-Parkinsonian rat model (Baluchnejadmojarad et al, 2009)
The results demonstrated that GE administration alleviated the cognitive deficits induced by Scop in both OLR and Morris Water Maze (MWM) tasks
Summary
Chemically known as 4 ,5,7-trihydroxyisoflavone, is a non-steroidal polyphenol and is the most widely studied soy isoflavone so far (Mirahmadia et al, 2018). In vivo studies, accumulated evidence has showed that GE is capable to ameliorate several cognitive impairments animal models, such as OVX rats (Huang and Zhang, 2010; Khodamoradi et al, 2018), amyloid β(1–40) rat model of AD (Bagheri et al, 2011; Ding et al, 2013), LPS-induced memory deficits in rat and mice (Lee et al, 2017; Mirahmadia et al, 2018), Diabetes Associated Cognitive Decline (DACD) in mice (Rajput and Sarkar, 2017), 3-Nitropropionic acid (3-NPA) induced rat model of HD (Menze et al, 2015) and 6-hydroxydopamine hemi-Parkinsonian rat model (Baluchnejadmojarad et al, 2009). In vitro studies, GE exerted neuroprotective effects against amyloid β induced toxicity in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells (Bang et al, 2004; Park et al, 2016) and it was recently found that GE could balance the production and destruction of AChE by the activation of G proteincoupled receptor 30 in PC12 cell (Liu et al, 2018). Previous studies found that the neuroprotective effects of GE mainly involved several mechanisms such as resisting the oxidative stress
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