Abstract
The world is seeing a continuous rise in the levels of antibiotic resistance1. Organisms develop new resistance mechanisms, emerge, and spread the resistance worldwide, making it challenging to treat common infectious diseases. In the current study, clinical isolates received between the years 2017 to 2020 were cultured and the isolated organisms were screened for antibiotic resistance; isolates with multiple drug resistance were further subjected to confirmatory screening through Combined Disc Test (CDT) and Modified Hodge Test (M.H.T.), and molecular characterization to be finally tested for gene expression analysis. Molecular characterization involved screening of genes blaVIM-2, blaKPC-3, blaNDM-1, and blaIMP-11 responsible for imparting carbapenem drug resistance2. From the laboratories of tertiary care hospitals, a total of 1452 clinical isolates were collected and identified. The organisms were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility screening and carbapenem resistance screening. The isolates found positive in the screenings were subjected to molecular characterization for genes, blaVIM-2, blaKPC-3, blaNDM-1, and blaIMP-11, responsible for imparting carbapenem drug resistance. Most of the isolates were resistant variably to aminoglycosides but were found to be resistant to fluoroquinolones and β-lactams group of antibiotics. Carbapenem activity was detected in twelve percent of total isolates and 27 percent among multidrug-resistant isolates. blaNDM-1 gene was found present in 77% isolates, and five organisms among the total number of organisms showed pan drug resistance.
Highlights
Patients' more prolonged stay at healthcare setups increases the chance of acquiring secondary infections
Clinical isolates received between the years 2017 to 2020 were cultured and the isolated organisms were screened for antibiotic resistance; isolates with multiple drug resistance were further subjected to confirmatory screening through Combined Disc Test (CDT) and Modified Hodge Test (M.H.T.), and molecular characterization to be tested for gene expression analysis
Carbapenem activity was detected in twelve percent of total isolates and 27 percent among multidrug-resistant isolates. blaNDM-1 gene was found present in 77% isolates, and five organisms among the total number of organisms showed pan drug resistance
Summary
Patients' more prolonged stay at healthcare setups increases the chance of acquiring secondary infections. In the US, >2.8 million antibiotic resistant infections occur[1].According to the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey 2016, conducted by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (C.D.C.) in 2016, infectious and parasitic diseases accounted for 15.5 million doctor visits and 3.7 million emergency room visits in the U.S.A.3. As per the annual report compiled by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) under the name of AntibioticResistant Surveillance and Research Network in the year 2019, isolates from 107, 387 samples were studied taken/collected from various body parts[5]. As per the annual report compiled by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) under the name of Antibiotic-Resistant Surveillance and Research Network in the year 2019, a total of 32,672 significant clinical isolates belonging to various genera and species of family Enterobacteriaceae were screened for antibiotic resistance. In this study we have tried to portray how resistance is spreading along with the intensity of the antibiotic resistance among different clinical specimen[10]
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