Abstract
Rabbits are one of the most used experimental animals for investigating the mechanisms of human cardiovascular disease and lipid metabolism because they are phylogenetically closer to human than rodents (mice and rats). Cholesterol-fed wild-type rabbits were first used to study human atherosclerosis more than 100 years ago and are still playing an important role in cardiovascular research. Furthermore, transgenic rabbits generated by pronuclear microinjection provided another means to investigate many gene functions associated with human disease. Because of the lack of both rabbit embryonic stem cells and the genome information, for a long time, it has been a dream for scientists to obtain knockout rabbits generated by homologous recombination-based genomic manipulation as in mice. This obstacle has greatly hampered using genetically modified rabbits to disclose the molecular mechanisms of many human diseases. The advent of genome editing technologies has dramatically extended the applications of experimental animals including rabbits. In this review, we will update genetically modified rabbits, including transgenic, knock-out, and knock-in rabbits during the past decades regarding their use in cardiovascular research and point out the perspectives in future.
Highlights
Rabbits were first used for disclosing the pathogenesis of human atherosclerosis a century ago
A consensus has been widely hold in this field that, in both humans and experimental animals, high levels of plasma cholesterol carried by apolipoprotein-B-containing particles such as low density lipoproteins (LDL) initiate the development of atherosclerosis (Steinberg, 2004)
Homozygous Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic (WHHL) rabbits exhibit spontaneous hypercholesterolemia characterized by high levels of LDLs and severe atherosclerosis and often serve as a human familial hypercholesterolemia model (Watanabe et al, 1985)
Summary
Rabbits were first used for disclosing the pathogenesis of human atherosclerosis a century ago. A consensus has been widely hold in this field that, in both humans and experimental animals, high levels of plasma cholesterol carried by apolipoprotein (apo)-B-containing particles such as low density lipoproteins (LDL) initiate the development of atherosclerosis (Steinberg, 2004).
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