Abstract
The objective of this literature review is to analyze the implications of using genetically modified organisms (GMOs) as well as international and European position regarding such organisms. Review of international and European legal requirements and ethical guidelines and relevant publications, found and accessed with the help of PubMed and Lund University Library databases. The article discusses the main application areas of GMOs, the expansion of using GMOs in the world as well as the advantages and disadvantages of the implications of their usage. It further provides an overview of the suggested ways to tackle or avoid the GMO-related risks. The international and European positions regarding the application of GMOs are discussed and European Directives, Regulations, and ethical guidelines are overviewed. The article further presents the public attitudes towards GMOs in Europe as well as overviews surveys conducted at the national level. Suggested steps to tackle the challenge of developing and managing biotechnology for the benefit of public health and the environment are presented.
Highlights
In its narrower sense, used in this article, genetic make the crops herbicide resistant rather than to make engineering refers to gene splicing-inserting DNA them disease-resistant
Genes in an organism is changed, this alteration may b) Genetically engineered seeds may cause food be more disadvantageous than advantageous, since it shortages, unemployment, resistant weeds, and involves the modification of a biological model that extinction of native cultures in the developing was the result of a long evolutionary process (32). countries (1)
genetically modified organisms (GMOs) containing genes expressing resistance to antibiotics in use for medical or veterinary treatment must be taken into particular consideration when carrying out an environmental risk assessment, with a view to identifying and phasing out antibiotic resistance markers in GMOs which may have adverse effects on human health and the environment (2)
Summary
The article discusses the main application areas of GMOs, the expansion of using GMOs in the world as well as the advantages and disadvantages of the implications of their usage. It further provides an overview of the suggested ways to tackle or avoid the GMO-related risks. The international and European positions regarding the application of GMOs are discussed and European Directives, Regulations, and ethical guidelines are overviewed. The article further presents the public attitudes towards GMOs in Europe as well as overviews surveys conducted at the national level
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