Genetically modified crops: their development, uses, and risks

Abstract

* About the Editors * Contributors * Preface * Chapter 1. Transformation: A Powerful Tool for Crop Improvement (D. Z. Skinner, S. Muthukrishnan, and G. H. Liang) * Introduction * Incorporation of Transgenes into Crops * Methodology of Producing Transgenic Plants * Confirmation of Putative Transgenic Plants and Transformation Efficiency * Crop Species Amenable to Transformation * Current and Future Transgenic Crops * Food Safety and Risk Analysis * Chapter 2. Mechanism(s) of Transgene Locus Formation (David A. Somers, Paula M. Olhoft, Irina F. Makarevitch, and Sergei K. Svitashev) * Introduction * Plant Genetic Engineering Systems * Transgene Loci * Mechanisms for Transgene Locus Formation * Chapter 3. Gene Stacking Through Site-Specific Integration (David W. Ow) * Introduction * Heterologous Site-Specific Recombination Systems * Targeting via Cre-lox * Targeting via FLP-FRT * Expression of Targeted Transgenes * Prospects for Gene Stacking * C31 Site-Specific Recombination System * Concluding Remarks * Chapter 4. Transgenics of Plant Hormones and Their Potential Application in Horticultural Crops (Yi Li, Hui Duan, Yan H. Wu, Richard J. McAvoy, Yan Pei, Degang Zhao, John Wurst, Qi Li, and Keming Luo) * Introduction * Auxins * Cytokinins * Gibberellins * Ethylene * Abscisic Acid * Concluding Remarks * Chapter 5. Avidin: An Egg-Citing Insecticidal Protein in Transgenic Corn (Karl J. Kramer) * Introduction * Mechanism of Action * History of Commercialization * Demonstration of Host Plant Resistance and Spectrum of Activity * Allergenicity * Safety * Male Sterility and Nonuniform Expression * Concluding Remarks * Chapter 6. Genetic Engineering of Wheat: Protocols and Use to Enhance Stress Tolerance (Tom Clemente and Amitava Mitra) * Introduction * Selection and Visual Marker Genes for Transformation * Future Needs for Wheat Transformation * Potential Transgenes for Resistance to Pathogens * Potential Transgenes for Enhanced Tolerance Toward Abiotic Stress * Concluding Remarks * Chapter 7. Development and Utilization of Transformation in Medicago Species (Deborah A. Samac and Stephen J. Temple) * Introduction * Plant Regeneration * Plant Transformation * Promoters for Constitutive and Tissue-Specific Expression of Transgenes in Medicago * Utilization of Transformation for Crop Improvement * Development of Roundup Ready Alfalfa: A Case Study * Conclusions * Chapter 8. Sorghum Transformation for Resistance to Fungal Pathogens and Drought (S. Muthukrishnan, J. T. Weeks, M. R. Tuinstra, J. M. Jeoung, J. Jayaraj, and G. H. Liang) * Introduction * Constraints to Sorghum Transformation * Sorghum Tissue Culture * Transformation Methods * Transgenic Sorghum Plants with Increased Stress Tolerance * Utilizing Transgenic Sorghums for Crop Improvement * Chapter 9. Rice Transformation: Current Progress and Future Prospects (James Oard and Junda Jiang) * Introduction * Production of U.S. Transgenic Rice Lines and Field Evaluation of Herbicide Resistance * New Rice Polyubiquitin Promoter and Potential for Enhanced Transgene Expression * Transgene Delivery and Expression Studies * Transgenic Advances in Pest and Stress Tolerance * Novel Methods of Gene Transfer for Rice * Conclusions * Chapter 10. Cotton Transformation: Success and Challenges (Roberta H. Smith, James W. Smith, and Sung Hun Park) * Development of Cotton Transformation Technology * Insect- and Herbicide-Resistant Cotton * Commercial Use of Genetically Engineered Cotton * Chapter 11. Progress in Transforming the Recalcitrant Soybean (Jack M. Widholm) * Introduction * Organogenic Systems * New Transformation Method Possibilities and Improvements * Conclusions * Chapter 12. Progress in Vegetable Crop Transformation and Future Prospects and Challenges (Zamir K. Punja and Mistianne Feeney) * Introduction * Transformation Technologies Used for Vegetable Crops * Stress-Resistant Vegetable Crops * Improvement of Horticultural Traits Through Genetic Engineering * Issues to Be Addressed * Future Prospects * Chapter 13. Genetic Transformation of Turfgrass (Barbara A. Zilinskas and Xiaoling Wang) * Introduction * Regenerable Tissue Culture Prerequisite * Transformation Systems * Development of Value-Added Transgenic Turfgrass * Future Prospects * Chapter 14. Risks Associated with Genetically Engineered Crops (Paul St. Amand) * Introduction * Risks versus Benefits * Legal Risks * Risks to Humans * Risks to the Environment * The Unexpected * Index * Reference Notes Included