Genetic structure and diversity of the endangered growling grass frog in a rapidly urbanizing region.

Geoffrey W Heard,Joshua M Hale,Andrew J Hamer,Claire C Keely,Kirsten M Parris,Jane Melville,Joanna Sumner

doi:10.1098/rsos.140255

Geoffrey W Heard, Joshua M Hale + Show 5 more

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https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.140255

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Abstract

Two pervasive and fundamental impacts of urbanization are the loss and fragmentation of natural habitats. From a genetic perspective, these impacts manifest as reduced genetic diversity and ultimately reduced genetic viability. The growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis) is listed as vulnerable to extinction in Australia, and endangered in the state of Victoria. Remaining populations of this species in and around the city of Melbourne are threatened by habitat loss, degradation and fragmentation due to urban expansion. We used mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and microsatellites to study the genetic structure and diversity of L. raniformis across Melbourne's urban fringe, and also screened four nuclear gene regions (POMC, RAG-1, Rhod and CRYBA1). The mtDNA and nuclear DNA sequences revealed low levels of genetic diversity throughout remnant populations of L. raniformis. However, one of the four regions studied, Cardinia, exhibited relatively high genetic diversity and several unique haplotypes, suggesting this region should be recognized as a separate Management Unit. We discuss the implications of these results for the conservation of L. raniformis in urbanizing landscapes, particularly the potential risks and benefits of translocation, which remains a contentious management approach for this species.

Highlights

Urbanization represents a growing threat to the conservation of biodiversity
The resulting small, fragmented populations are susceptible to genetic drift and inbreeding depression [7], both of which can lead to the erosion of genetic diversity and genetic viability [8]
Five haplotypes were present in the Wyndham region, seven in Melton, six in Hume–Whittlesea and 10 in Cardinia

Summary

Introduction

Urbanization represents a growing threat to the conservation of biodiversity. The impacts of urbanization on biodiversity are numerous [1], but a pervasive and fundamental effect2015 The Authors. The resulting small, fragmented populations are susceptible to genetic drift and inbreeding depression [7], both of which can lead to the erosion of genetic diversity and genetic viability [8]. These impacts are a pervasive problem in urban areas and as such, conservation genetics has become an important tool for the management of threatened species in urban landscapes

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