Abstract
South American rivers contain the most diverse, but also one of the more poorly known, freshwater fish faunas of the world. While significant progress is being made on understanding the systematics and taxonomy of Neotropical fish groups (Malabarba et al. 1998), much information of critical utility to management is yet unknown about the genetics of Neotropical fish populations. Against the background of the zoogeography and evolutionary theory, and with the technical and analytic tools presented in earlier chapters, we now turn to a taxon-by-taxon account of what is known and what we must yet learn in order to effectively conserve Neotropical fish resources. While we focus on fishes of importance to fisheries and aquaculture, we also briefly note developments regarding other fishes. To set the context for our review of the literature, it would be useful to define expectations for how fish species might be genetically structured, and how we would document that experimentally.
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