Genetic relations between the central and southern Philippine Trench and the Sangihe Trench

Abstract

We surveyed the junction between the central and southern Philippine Trench and the Sangihe Trench near 6°N using swath bathymetry, gravity, and magnetics. These data, along with seismicity, allow us to discuss the genetic relations between these trenches and the forces acting on converging plates. Our final model favors the northern extension of the Halmahera Arc up to 8°N, with three segments offset left‐laterally along NW–SE transform faults. Accretion of the northern segment to Mindanao Island 4 to 5 m.y. ago resulted in the failure within the Philippine Sea Plate east of the arc. Initiation of the Philippine Trench between 7°N and 10°N agrees with the maximum recorded depth of the Philippine Trench floor (10,000 m below sea‐level) and Philippine Sea slab (200 km). South of 6°N (trench junction), another segment of the arc is being subducted beneath the Sangihe margin, while south of 3°N, the southern segment of the Halmahera Arc is still active. The rapid southward shallowing of the trench floor along the southern Philippine Trench, the type of faulting affecting both sides of the trench, the lack of significant interplate seismicity, and the concentration of the seismicity beneath the Miangas‐Talaud Ridge are interpreted as a slowing down of the subduction along this branch of the Philippine Trench compared with the rest of the subduction zone. The Sangihe deformation front has been recognized up to 7°N but seems active only south of 6°N.