Abstract
Multidrug resistant salmonellosis infection is an important global public health problem particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, where it commonly manifests as gastroenteritis and/or bloodstream infections in both children and adults. Salmonella Typhimurium has a broad-host-range and poultry birds are an important reservoir. The unrestricted use of Beta-lactams has generated resistance through a gene encoded Extended Spectrum Beta-lactamase (ESBL) enzyme production, which impedes the successful therapy of infections. This study aims at investigating the genetic relatedness of ESBL and non-ESBL S. Typhimurium strains isolated from humans and Poultry birds. A total of 19 S. Typhimurium isolated from Poultry (droppings, flesh, feeds) and handlers (feces, hand swabs) in a previous study were used. These had earlier been identified using pre-enrichment and selective enrichment culture media. Further identification was carried out using conventional biochemical screening tests and slide serology tests using polyvalent antisera. Antibiotic susceptibility testing including the Double Disk Synergy test (DDST) for screening of ESBL production was carried out as described by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. This study also employed the PCR-RFLP method which involves the simple restriction digestion of purified 16S rRNA of Salmonella and variation in the banding patterns revealed their genetic relatedness. All the strains were found to share identical molecular base profiles hence are genetically related variants. The selective pressure due to antibiotic mismanagement in Poultry farming is the likely trigger of ESBL production observed to occur only among the S. Typhimurium strains from poultry origin. This calls for a holistic approach in
Highlights
Salmonella enterica is a zoonotic pathogen which can readily pass from animal to man through the consumption of contaminated foods (Cosby et al, 2015; Card et al, 2016)
Poultry is an important source of antimicrobial resistant bacteria including the Extended Spectrum Beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Salmonella (Oyinloye et al, 2011)
Production of ESBLs is a significant resistance mechanism that impedes the antimicrobial therapy of infections caused by some Enterobacteriaceae and is a serious threat to the currently available antimicrobial options (Shaikh et al, 2015)
Summary
Salmonella enterica is a zoonotic pathogen which can readily pass from animal to man through the consumption of contaminated foods (Cosby et al, 2015; Card et al, 2016). Production of ESBLs is a significant resistance mechanism that impedes the antimicrobial therapy of infections caused by some Enterobacteriaceae and is a serious threat to the currently available antimicrobial options (Shaikh et al, 2015) Salmonella strains, affecting both humans and animals exhibiting resistance to many of the currently available antibiotics used in therapy have emerged and are increasing in frequency with more hospitalization. It should be able to reliably differentiate epidemiologically unrelated strains from each other and group all isolates associated with the same source without disrupting their classification into subspecies and serovars (Soler-García et al, 2014) Such a sub-typing system would need to be within budgets of laboratories, researchers and students especially in the developing Countries. The study aimed at using PCR-RFLP method to study the genetic relatedness of Salmonella Typhimurium strains isolated from poultry birds and their handlers which were previously exposed to critically important antibiotic groups used for therapy in both human and veterinary medicine
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