Abstract
In this study, we determined the prevalence and toxin types of antibiotic-resistant Clostridium perfringens in chicken, pigeons, camels, and humans. We investigated the inhibitory effects of AgNPs on biofilm formation ability of the isolates and the genetic relatedness of the isolates from various sources determined using RAPD-PCR. Fifty isolates were identified using PCR, and all the isolates were of type A. The cpe and cpb2 genes were detected in 12% and 56% of the isolates, respectively. The effect of AgNPs on biofilm production of six representative isolates indicated that at the highest concentration of AgNPs (100 µg/mL), the inhibition percentages were 80.8–82.8%. The RAPD-PCR patterns of the 50 C. perfringens isolates from various sources revealed 33 profiles and four clusters, and the discriminatory power of RAPD-PCR was high. Multidrug-resistant C. perfringens isolates are predominant in the study area. The inhibition of biofilm formation by C. perfringens isolates was dose-dependent, and RAPD-PCR is a promising method for studying the genetic relatedness between the isolates from various sources. This is the first report of AgNPs’ anti-biofilm activity against C. perfringens from chickens, pigeons, camels, and humans, to the best of our knowledge.
Highlights
Clostridium perfringens is a Gram-positive anaerobic pathogen that inhabits the intestine of various animal species and humans
Multifocal pale foci of mucosal necrosis were observed from the serosa
multiple drug-resistant (MDR) and XDR C. perfringens type A are predominant in chickens, pigeons, camels, and humans in the study area
Summary
Clostridium perfringens is a Gram-positive anaerobic pathogen that inhabits the intestine of various animal species and humans. The disease is fatal, and the main clinical manifestations include anorexia, depression, decreased growth performance, and reduced feed efficiency, resulting in severe economic loss [1]. In domestic animals, such as camels, the organism causes enterotoxemia, diarrhea, and sudden death [2]. C. perfringens causes gas gangrene, food poisoning, and gastrointestinal illnesses, including sporadic diarrhea, nosocomial diarrheal diseases, and antibioticassociated diarrhea due to consumption of contaminated food with enterotoxin-producing strains [3,4]. The presence of C. perfringens with a high count (>106 CFU/g feces) is an indicator of C. perfringens food poisoning [5,6]
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