Abstract
Local grape cultivars from different countries of the world are an important part of the gene pool of this culture. Of particular interest are the genotypes of the most ancient regions of viticulture. The territories of the subtropical zone of Georgia and the central part of Abkhazia belong to one of the centers of origin of the cultural grapevine. The purpose of the work was to genotype native Abkhazian grape cultivars, to study their genetic diversity based on DNA profiling data and to compare them with the genotypes of local varieties of other viticultural regions. Samples of plants were taken on the territory of the Republic of Abkhazia in private farmsteads and in the collection of the agricultural firm “Vina i Vody Abkhazii“ (“Wines and Waters of Abkhazia”). The genotyping of the Abkhazian cultivars Avasirhva, Agbizh, Azhapsh, Azhizhkvakva, Azhikvaca, Atvizh, Atyrkuazh, Achkykazh, Kachich was carried out using 14 DNA markers, 9 of which are standard microsatellite markers recommended for the identification of grape varieties. To improve our knowledge about the sizes of the identified alleles, we used the DNA of grape cultivars with a known allelic composition at the analyzed loci. Statistical analysis of the data showed that the observed heterozygosity for the analyzed loci exceeded expected values, which indicates a genetic polymorphism of the studied sample of varieties. Evaluation of genetic similarity within the analyzed group based on the results of genotyping at 14 loci showed that the cultivars Kachich and Azhapsh differed from the other Abkhazian varieties. The obtained DNA profiles of the Abkhazian cultivars were checked for compliance with DNA-fingerprints of grape varieties in the Vitis International Variety Catalogue. The Georgian varieties Azhizhkvakva and Tsitska turned out to be synonyms according to DNA profiles, two varieties from the Database (Italian Albana bianca and Georgian Ojaleshi) have differences in DNA-fingerprints from the varieties Atyrkuazh and Azhikvatsa only in one allele, respectively. When comparing the identified Abkhazian grape genotypes, their difference from the sample of Dagestan, Don, Greek, Turkish, Italian, Spanish, and French varieties and genetic similarity with the genotypes of Georgian grapes were shown.
Highlights
The grapevines Vitis vinifera L. are cultivated by humans for already about 5000 years and it is the most economically important fruit crop in the world
The purpose of the study was the genotyping of Abkhazian grape varieties and assessment of genetic diversity of the studied sample based on the polymorphism of microsatellite loci
It was revealed that the allelic composition of the DNA profile of the Azhizhkvakva grape variety by nine microsatellite loci fully corresponds to the DNA profile of the Georgian aboriginal Tsitska grape variety, presented in the Database (Ilnitskaya et al, 2021)
Summary
The grapevines Vitis vinifera L. are cultivated by humans for already about 5000 years and it is the most economically important fruit crop in the world now. Local varieties from different regions of the world are an important part of the crop’s gene pool. Of particular interest are the genotypes of the most ancient viticulture regions. Many ancient local varieties as well as wild grapevines are found in these regions. Molecular genetic methods are widely used to assess the diversity of the gene pool of cultivated plants, including grape. Microsatellite (SSR) markers are most often used for these purposes. The standard set of 9 microsatellite loci has been developed for DNA fingerprinting of grape genotypes (Bowers et al, 1999; This et al, 2004; VIVC, 2021)
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