Genetic liability to age at first sex and birth in relation to cardiovascular diseases: a Mendelian randomization study

Abstract

BackgroundGrowing evidence suggests that various reproductive factors, including early menarche, early menopause, and age at first birth, may increase the risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) later in life. However, the associations between reproductive factors and CVDs are inconsistent and controversial. Therefore, we conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to explore the potential links between age at first sex (AFS) and age at first birth (AFB) and several CVDs.MethodsWe obtained summary statistics for exposure from the largest genome-wide association studies of AFS and AFB. To serve as instrumental variables, we selected 259 SNPs associated with AFS and 81 SNPs associated with AFB at the genome-wide significance level. We employed a random-effects inverse-variance weighted method to pool estimates, and conducted multivariable MR analysis to determine the direct association between AFS and AFB with CVDs, while accounting for the effects of confounders.ResultsThe genetic liability to later AFS was associated with decreased risks of heart failure (odd ratio [OR] 0.700; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.639–0.767; p = 2.23 × 10−14), coronary artery disease (OR 0.728; 95% CI 0.657–0.808; p = 1.82 × 10−9), myocardial infarction (OR 0.731; 95% CI 0.657–0.813; p = 8.33 × 10−9), stroke (OR 0.747; 95% CI 0.684–0.816; p = 6.89 × 10−11), and atrial fibrillation (OR 0.871; 95% CI 0.806–0.941; p = 4.48 × 10−4). The genetic liability to later AFB was also associated with decreased risks of CVDs, including myocardial infarction (OR 0.895; 95% CI 0.852–0.940; p = 8.66 × 10−6), coronary heart disease (OR 0.901; 95% CI 0.860–0.943; p = 9.02 × 10−6), heart failure (OR 0.925; 95% CI 0.891–0.961; p = 5.32 × 10−5), and atrial fibrillation (OR 0.944; 95% CI 0.911–0.978; p = 0.001). However, no association was found between AFB and stroke. The associations remained independent from the effects of AFS and AFB on potential confounders, including smoking, alcohol intake, body mass index, and depression. Mediation analysis suggested that education attainment partly mediates the link from AFS and AFB to CVD outcomes.ConclusionOur results observed a causal relationship between later AFS, AFB and lower CVDs risk; it emphasizes the importance of providing sex education since early sex and birth may have undesirable effects. Cardiovascular risk stratification that considers reproductive factors may help address CVD risk.