Abstract
Stress is the response of the cell or the organism to challengers of homeostasis (a dynamic state of balance between the stress response and the stressors). Homeostasis is essential for the preservation of life. In humans and other higher organisms, components of the stress system include various neurotransmitters and hormones, which in most species constitute the effectors of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Thus, the cholinergic and catecholaminergic systems, corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), arginine vasopressin, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and the glucocorticosteroids are all essential parts of the stress system in higher organisms.
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