Abstract
Knowledge of the genetic diversity ofApisspp. is important in order to provide a better understanding of breeding strategies that relate to the conservation of wild species and colony survival of farmed species. Here, honeybees of fiveApisspecies were collected from 12 provinces throughout Thailand. After DNA extraction,28S rRNAnuclear (710 bp) and cytochrome b (cytb) mitochondrial (520 bp) gene fragments were sequenced. Homologous sequences (nucleotide identity of over 95%) were obtained from GeneBank using the BLASTn algorithm, aligned, and analysed by maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference phylogenetics. For28S rRNA, a low genetic variation was detected within species (haplotype diversity ranging from 0.212 to 0.394), while 19 polymorphic sites were detected between species. Although the relative haplotype diversity was high, a low nucleotide divergence was found (0.7%), with migratory species. Forcytb, the sequence divergence ranged from 0.24 to 3.88% within species and 7.35 to 13.07% between species. The divergence ofcytbwas higher than that of28S rRNA.A. ceranashowed two distinct clades between Southern Thailand and the other regions. Groups ofA. cerana(Asian cavity-nesting),A. mellifera(European cavity-nesting),A. dorsata(giant open-nesting), andA. floreaandA. andreniformis(dwarf bees) were defined in the28S rRNAandcytbtree topologies.
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