Abstract
The stripe rust of wheat is one of the devastating diseases in China, which is caused by fungus Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst). The Yunnan Province of China is located in the south-western part, and holds distinctive geographical and climate features, while wheat growth and epidemics of stripe rust fungus are fully dissimilar to the major wheat-growing regions of China. It is important to discover its origin and migration to control the disease. In this study, 352 isolates were sampled from 11 spots of the Yunnan Province during the wheat growing season from 2004 to 2015 and analyzed with SNPs markers of housekeeping genes. Results revealed that 220 haplotypes were inferred from the concatenating sequences; among them, 5 haplotypes (viz., ‘H86′, ‘H18′, ‘H8′, ‘H15′ and ‘H23′) comprised over 24.5% of the population. The haplotype diversity, nucleotide diversity, mutation rate and recombination events were 0.992, 6.04 × 10−3, 4.46 × 10−3 and 18.0 respectively, which revealed the genetic diversity of Pst populations among all locations. Four grouping methods, such as UPGMA-tree, PCA, PLS-DA and STRUCTURE, were employed for the categorization of the Pst populations conferring to their races and topographical localities. All methods were found significant and mostly had co-linear relations with each other. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) conferred total variation was 9.09%, and 86.20% of variation was within the populations. The current study also exposed a comparatively high genetic multiplicity within the population, while low genetic inconsistency among the populations. Furthermore, the molecular records on the gene pole (Nm = 18.45) established that the migration of the stripe rust pathogen occurred among all locations in Yunnan province. The ancestral haplotype was detected in Yuxi. Based on the trajectories of upper airflow and genetic diversity of Pst populations in different locations, it is suggested that the locations Dehong, Dali, Lincang and Baoshan are probably a major source of Pst in Yunnan.
Highlights
There were 42 Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) loci samples collected from all locations, where 33 were phylogenetically informative (Table S2)
161 polymorphic alleles were detected across SNP primer CDC2, 88 were detected across EF-1, 379 were detected across heat shock protein kDa (HSP), 218 were detected across Map kinase 1 (MAPK)-1, 147 were detected across ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1 (UBA) and 359 were detected across UBS (Supplementary Table S2)
The results from our study demonstrated that the genetic diversity, as well as the mutation rate of the Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) population, is very high in different locations of Yunnan
Summary
The stripe rustrust disease of wheat is considered the most devastating. The stripe disease of wheat is considered the most devastating disease, andand it isitcaused by by thethe fungus. Puccinia striiformis tritici(Pst) (Pst)[1,2]. [1,2].InInterms terms of publication under the terms and thearea areathat that can can be affected by epidemic region forfor stripe of the by the thedisease, disease,China. Chinaisisthe thelargest largest epidemic region conditions of the Creative Commons rust disease of wheat in the world [3]. 2002, yield losses of stripe rust disease of wheat in the world
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