Abstract
BackgroundPlasmodium vivax, although causing a less serious disease than Plasmodium falciparum, is the most widespread of the four human malarial species. Further to the recent recrudescence of P. vivax cases in the Newly Independent States (NIS) of central Asia, a survey on the genetic diversity and dissemination in Azerbaijan was undertaken. Azerbaijan is at the crossroads of Asia and, as such, could see a rise in the number of cases, although an effective malaria control programme has been established in the country.MethodsThirty-six P. vivax isolates from Central Azerbaijan were characterized by analysing the genetic polymorphism of the circumsporozoite protein (CSP) and the merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP-1) genes, using PCR amplifications and amplicons sequencing.ResultsAnalysis of CSP sequences showed that all the processed isolates belong to the VK 210 type, with variations in the alternation of alanine residue (A) or aspartic acid residue (D) in the repeat motif GDRA(A/D)GQPA along the sequence. As far as MSP-1 genotyping is concerned, it was found that the majority of isolates analysed belong to Belem and Sal I types. Five recombinant isolates were also identified. Combined analysis with the two genetic markers allowed the identification of 19 plasmodial sub-types.ConclusionThe results obtained in the present study indicate that there are several P. vivax clones circulating in Azerbaijan and, consequently, a careful malaria surveillance could be of paramount importance to identify, at early stage, the occurrence of possible P. vivax malaria outbreaks.
Highlights
Plasmodium vivax, causing a less serious disease than Plasmodium falciparum, is the most widespread of the four human malarial species
For this purpose the extent of polymorphism of circumsporozoite protein (CSP) and merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP-1) genes were analysed in parasite isolates from five localities of central Azerbaijan by using PCR amplification and sequencing
CSP sequences obtained from 36 Azerbaijan P. vivax isolates were found to belong to the VK210 type [22]
Summary
CSP sequences obtained from 36 Azerbaijan P. vivax isolates were found to belong to the VK210 type [22]. Among all 36 azeri isolates analysed, 24 isolates were found to have identical sequence (sub-type 4, Table 1 and Figure 4). Men6t0o8f0s7e),veMnStPeelSnalM1 S(AP-c1cesussbi-otnypNeso.foMu7n5d6f7ro4)man3d6 ArezceormbabijiannanPt. vtyivpaex 3isaol(aDte8s52co5m2)pared with that of Amino acid sequence alignment of seventeen MSP-1 sub-types found from 36 Azerbaijan P. vivax isolates compared with that of MSPlBelem (Accession No M60807), MSPlSal (Accession No M75674) and recombinant type 3a (D85252). All the three recombinant types showed a different number of poly-Q repeats (Table 1) In addition to these sources of diversity, nucleotide substitutions could be observed, allowing the identification of 17 sub-types (Table 1 and Figure 3). Combined analysis between the two markers By combining the results of genotyping obtained by CSP and MSP-1, 19 P. vivax sub-types (Figure 5) were identified as circulating in the central region of Azerbaijan. Genotype F/4 was detected once in Imisli and Saatli districts, as was for genotype S/2, detected once in Beylagan and Mingacevir districts
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