Abstract
ObjectiveThis research was conducted to study the genetic diversity in several Indonesian cattle breeds using microsatellite markers to classify the Indonesian cattle breeds.MethodsA total of 229 DNA samples from of 10 cattle breeds were used in this study. The polymerase chain reaction process was conducted using 12 labeled primers. The size of allele was generated using the multiplex DNA fragment analysis. The POPGEN and CERVUS programs were used to obtain the observed number of alleles, effective number of alleles, observed heterozygosity value, expected heterozygosity value, allele frequency, genetic differentiation, the global heterozygote deficit among breeds, and the heterozygote deficit within the breed, gene flow, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and polymorphism information content values. The MEGA program was used to generate a dendrogram that illustrates the relationship among cattle population. Bayesian clustering assignments were analyzed using STRUCTURE program. The GENETIX program was used to perform the correspondence factorial analysis (CFA). The GENALEX program was used to perform the principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) and analysis of molecular variance. The principal component analysis (PCA) was performed using adegenet package of R program.ResultsA total of 862 alleles were detected in this study. The INRA23 allele 205 is a specific allele candidate for the Sumba Ongole cattle, while the allele 219 is a specific allele candidate for Ongole Grade. This study revealed a very close genetic relationship between the Ongole Grade and Sumba Ongole cattle and between the Madura and Pasundan cattle. The results from the CFA, PCoA, and PCA analysis in this study provide scientific evidence regarding the genetic relationship between Banteng and Bali cattle. According to the genetic relationship, the Pesisir cattle were classified as Bos indicus cattle.ConclusionAll identified alleles in this study were able to classify the cattle population into three clusters i.e. Bos taurus cluster (Simmental Purebred, Simmental Crossbred, and Holstein Friesian cattle); Bos indicus cluster (Sumba Ongole, Ongole Grade, Madura, Pasundan, and Pesisir cattle); and Bos javanicus cluster (Banteng and Bali cattle).
Highlights
Indonesia has many native breeds of cattle, including Bali cattle, Pesisir, Sumba Ongole, Madura, Aceh, Grati, Ongole Grade, Katingan, Sumbawa, Pasundan, Jabres, and Galekan
The 12 microsatellite loci from the entire population were analyzed and 862 alleles consisting of 86 alleles detected in the Simmental Purebred, 103 alleles in the Simmental Crossbred, 118 alleles in the Ongole Grade, 60 alleles in the Bali, 70 alleles in the Pesisir, 78 alleles in the Holstein Friesian, 98 alleles in the Sumba Ongole, 100 alleles in the Madura, 56 alleles in the Banteng, and 93 alleles in the Pasundan cattle
The observed heterozygosity value ranged from 0.417±0.321 (Banteng) to 0.719±0.158 (Simmental Crossbred) and the ex pected heterozygosity value ranged from 0.550±0.248 (Banteng) to 0.796±0.151 (Madura)
Summary
Indonesia has many native breeds of cattle, including Bali cattle, Pesisir, Sumba Ongole, Madura, Aceh, Grati, Ongole Grade, Katingan, Sumbawa, Pasundan, Jabres, and Galekan (the charac teristics were described in Sutarno and Setyawan [1] and MARI [2]). Due to their vital role in the Indonesian socio-economy, conservation and breeding programs for Indonesian cattle breeds should be well-designed based on their potency and genetic information. The microsatellites markers can be used for estimating the genetic distance [5], the relationship among livestock breeds [6], paternity testing [7], and the genetic diversity [8]. This re search was conducted to study the genetic diversity in several Indonesian cattle breeds using microsatellite markers as sci entific evidence to classify the Indonesian cattle breeds that can be used to design breeding and conservation strategy for the Indonesian cattle breeds in future
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