Abstract
Grapevine is one of the major fruit trees in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. This study aims to discriminate and assess the genetic diversity in three grapevine cultivars in Al- Madinah through the combination of characterization using both classical ampelographic as well as ampelometric studies with molecular markers using Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD), Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) and Start Codon Targeted Polymorphism (SCoT). For the ampelographic analysis, twelve OIV descriptors were used, and for the ampelometric analysis, the fully expanded mature leaves area were automatedly measured. The genetic distance among the three grapevines cultivars, calculated using Jaccard's coefficient, ranged from 0.7577 (between AL Nakheel and Banati) to 0.4501 (between AL Nakheel and Ahmer). The molecular analysis was based on the use of thirty-one primers; ten RAPD primers, seven ISSR primers and fourteen SCoT primers. RAPD primers generated the highest polymorphism (67%), while the level of polymorphism with ISSR primers was 36% and with SCoT 44%. All of the three markers generated similar dendrograms, and the genetic distance generated with RAPD was higher compared with SCoT and ISSR. The three markers RAPD, ISSR and SCoT were combined and amalgamated with the morphological data, and combined dendrogram was generated and discussed. AL Nakheel and Ahmer cultivars were found to be more closely related to each other than Banati which was separated in a different cluster. Both methods were effectively efficient for complete identification of grapevine and for studying the genetic diversity between closely related cultivars.
 Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 27(1): 113-127, 2020 (June)
Highlights
Grapevine, Vitis vinifera L. under subfamily Ampelideae and family Vitaceae is widely cultivated for its economically valuable fruits
The results of the expression of features were defined by OIV descriptors indicating that eight descriptors were scored identical in all cultivars, which includes the closed young shoot tip (OIV 001), the semi-erect shoot attitude (OIV 006), the green and red color of dorsal side of internodes (OIV 007), green and red color of ventral side of internodes (OIV 008), green color of upper side of young leaf blade (4th leaf) (OIV 051), the circular mature leaf blade (OIV 067), the flat mature leaf profile of blade in cross-section (OIV 074) and the convex sides of the teeth on the leaf margin (OIV 076)
While the others four descriptors were different, which were related mainly to the mature leaves: number of lobes is three vs. five (OIV 068), color of the upper side of mature leaf is dark green (OIV 069), and degree of opening and overlapping of mature leaf open, closed and overlapped (OIV 079), while the shape of mature leaf base of petiole sinus was Ushaped vs. V-shaped (OIV 080)
Summary
Vitis vinifera L. under subfamily Ampelideae and family Vitaceae is widely cultivated for its economically valuable fruits. It is native to southwestern Asia where wild grapes still grow. This species is often divided into two major groups based on geographical region: the Eurasian group and the American group, and they hugely differ in their agronomic traits (Smith, 2010; Christenhusz and Byng 2016). As a result of grapevine commercial globalization, the genetic diversity of grapevine has been decreased dramatically due to the dominant of few elite cultivars that are often preferred by consumers over the others; which lead to the spread of these cultivars worldwide and disappear of the wild or local cultivars (Myles et al, 2011). Genetic erosion or the diversity loss is one of the most serious problems at a global scale that demand considerable efforts to protect, evaluate and select the most productive samples (Musayev and Akparov, 2013). Regardless, of the high number of cultivars that exist many of them uncommon or endangered (Portugal, 2010)
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