Genetic diversity of core and peripheral Sitka spruce ( Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr) populations: implications for conservation of widespread species

Abstract

This study investigated levels of genetic diversity and population differentiation among Sitka spruce ( Picea sitchensis) populations classified as core or peripheral based on ecological niche, and continuous or disjunct based on species distribution. Large numbers of trees ( N = 200) were sampled from each of eight populations to evaluate the distribution of rare as well as common alleles across the species range. Codominant alleles for eight sequence-tagged site loci were classified based on frequency and geographic distribution in order to develop appropriate sampling strategies to target specific classes of alleles. An important finding of this study is the similarity in genetic diversity as measured by expected heterozygosity between core populations (mean H E = 0.58) and peripheral populations (mean H E = 0.56). However, there was significant inbreeding in peripheral ( F IS = 0.17) but not in core ( F IS = 0.03) populations. Large differences in gene flow estimates were observed between core (Nm = 9.0) and peripheral populations (Nm = 3.5). Irrespective of population classification, over 75% of the alleles were common and widespread. Only one allele was classified as rare and localized, and this allele was limited to one core, disjunct and two peripheral, disjunct populations. There was stronger evidence of past bottlenecks in peripheral, disjunct populations than in core, continuous populations. Results are used to suggest sampling strategies for capture of maximum level of genetic diversity and conservation of rare alleles. The conservation of peripheral, particularly disjunct, populations as well as populations in putative glacial refugia may present the best opportunity for conserving rare alleles.