Abstract
ABSTRACT Calibrachoa pygmaea is a unique species of Calibrachoa, especially concerning its flower morphology and the environment where it occurs. The species is self-incompatible and is narrowly distributed in wet and flooded fields of the Pampas region. We characterize the genetic diversity of the species based on traditional plastid markers and newly developed nuclear microsatellites to identify drivers that guide its evolution. Our results identified markers that are informative and useful for studying the population structure of C. pygmaea, as well as that of other species of Calibrachoa. Both marker sets were congruent in developing conclusions regarding the evolutionary scenario of C. pygmaea, and revealed that the genetic variability and population structure of the species could be explained by common allele fixation or shared ancestral polymorphism, while its diversification can be attributed mainly to the species’ dispersal ability and certain ecological features.
Highlights
Calibrachoa (Solanaceae), related to the worldwide known genus Petunia (Ando et al 2005; Kulcheski et al 2006), contains approximately 26 species divided into two subgenera, Calibrachoa subg
Both marker sets were congruent in developing conclusions regarding the evolutionary scenario of C. pygmaea, and revealed that the genetic variability and population structure of the species could be explained by common allele fixation or shared ancestral polymorphism, while its diversification can be attributed mainly to the species’ dispersal ability and certain ecological features
S1 in supplementary material) under the same PCR conditions used for C. pygmaea, indicating that the developed markers can be useful to study other Calibrachoa species
Summary
Calibrachoa (Solanaceae), related to the worldwide known genus Petunia (Ando et al 2005; Kulcheski et al 2006), contains approximately 26 species divided into two subgenera, Calibrachoa subg. Calibrachoa pygmaea occurs predominantly in the Pampean province, in open and wet fields from southernmost Brazil, northwest Uruguay, and northeast Argentina, distributed in small patches of just a few individuals (Fig. 1A) We collected 73 individuals from three populations of Calibrachoa pygmaea (R.E. Fr.) Wijsman (Tab. 1) located in Pampas biome in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil (Fig. 1A). We evaluated the transferability of these microsatellites loci to 13 Calibrachoa and two Petunia species (Tab. S1 in supplementary material), testing in three individuals per species the same primers and same conditions employed for C. pygmaea. The program Alleles in Space 1.0 (Miller 2005) was applied to associate the genetic and geographic distances between the three collection sites according to Mantel’s test (Mantel 1967) For this analysis, log-transformed geographic distance was utilized to compare the three populations
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