Abstract

Sandalwood (Santalum album L.) is the second most expensive wood in the world. There are approximately 16 species of sandalwood (S. album, S. spicatum, S. austrocaledonicum, S. yasi, S. lanceolatum, S. ellipticum, S. macgregorii, S. insulare) occurring naturally throughout Australia, India, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and the islands of the South Pacific. In India, S. album is found all over the country, with over 90% of the area in Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana state. It is highly economic tropical tree species because of its scented heartwood and heartwood oil. Several causes have been attributed to the depletion of sandalwood population mainly amongst which theft is causing negative effect on the quality of species by constant removal of superior clones. The aim of this study was to determine the genetic diversity of S. album. For this, 177 genotypes of S. album from 14 populations of three states (Karnataka, Telangana state and Kerala) in southern India were selected. The genetic diversity and genetic structure were characterized through 25 SSR markers developed by cross amplification of different species of Sandalwood. Under this study, following genetic diversity parameters were estimated at individual level and population level; Number of alleles (Na) 9.107, Effective number of alleles (Ne) 7.56, Observed heterozygosity (Ho) 0.187, Expected heterozygosity (He) 0.861, Shannon information index (I) 2.03, F statistics 0.89, Polymorphic information content (PIC) 0.87 and Gene flow (Nm) 4.98. The estimates of gene flow among the populations of Kodada Telangana (Nm = 15.109); IWST Karnataka (Nm = 13.62) than across other geographical populations (Nm = 9.40). Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed that 3% of the total variation was due to differences among populations and 97% due to differences within the populations. The genetic differentiation among populations (FST) 0.012 at p results showed the combined variation 82.2% of these markers. This study highlights the knowledge of genetic variation in sandalwood across the herd population of sandalwood in India. The highest range of polymorphism was detected with SSR markers developed from Osyris lanceolata compared to Santalum. austrocaledonicum, Santalum. insulare and Santalum. spicatum. This study would help in conservation of the Sandalwood populations with high profile of genetic diversity and selection of clones for genetic improvement program.

Highlights

  • Santalum album L. is medium sized evergreen hemi-parasitic economically important aromatic tree species

  • Ii) SSR marker amplification and polymorphism: All markers produced polymorphic amplification bands in selected genotypes Figure 4, which ranged from 120 - 350 bp. 15 to 6 number of alleles was generated at each locus with total 172 alleles

  • Iii) Genetic diversity: In this study highest number of alleles (Na) (10.05) with the average of 8.98 was found in Karnataka state followed by Kerala and Telangana 8.83 8.03 respectively

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Summary

Introduction

Santalum album L. is medium sized evergreen hemi-parasitic economically important aromatic tree species. In India, S. album is found all over the country, with over 90% of the area in Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana state. In India it found distributed all over the country with over 90% of the area in Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala. Sandalwood is valued for two important traits, heartwood and essential oil obtained from the heartwood. Both of these are considered to be highly prized and are used in incense, perfumes, medicine and carving [4]. Result indicated significant reduction of genetic variability in harvested population. This is causing negative effect on the quality of species by constant removal of superior clones. This study highlights the knowledge of genetic variation in sandalwood across the highest range of polymorphism was detected with SSR markers developed from Osyris lanceolata compared to Santalum austrocaledonicum, Santalum insulare and Santalum spicatum

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