Genetic diversity and population structure of the Sapsaree, a native Korean dog breed

Chandima Gajaweera,Soo Hyun Lee,Ji Min Kang,Bong Hwan Choi,Ji Hong Ha,Doo Ho Lee,Yeong Kuk Kim,Seung Hwan Lee,Jong Joo Kim,Hasini I Wijayananda

doi:10.1186/s12863-019-0757-5

Abstract

BackgroundThe Sapsaree is a breed of dog (Canis familiaris) native to Korea, which became perilously close to extinction in the mid-1980s. However, with systematic genetic conservation and restoration efforts, this breed was rescued from extinction and population sizes have been gradually increasing over the past few decades. The aim of this study was to ascertain novel information about the genetic diversity, population structure, and demographic history of the Sapsaree breed using genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism data. We characterized the genetic profile of the Sapsaree breed by comparison with seven foreign dog breeds with similar morphologies to estimate genetic differentiation within and among these breeds.ResultsThe results suggest that Sapsarees have higher genetic variance compared with the other breeds analyzed. The majority of the Sapsarees in this study share a discrete genetic pattern, although some individuals were slightly different, possibly as a consequence of the recent restoration process. Concordant results from analyses of linkage disequilibrium, effective population size, genetic diversity, and population structural analyses illustrate a relationship among the Sapsaree and the Tibetan breeds Tibetan terrier and Lhasa Apso, and a small genetic introgression from European breeds. The effective population size of the Sapsaree has contracted dramatically over the past generations, and is currently insufficient to maintain long-term viability of the breed’s genetic diversity.ConclusionsThis study provides novel insights regarding the genetic diversity and population structure of the native Korean dog breed Sapsaree. Our results suggest the importance of a strategic and systematic approach to ensure the genetic diversity and the authenticity of the Sapsaree breed.

Highlights

The Sapsaree is a breed of dog (Canis familiaris) native to Korea, which became perilously close to extinction in the mid-1980s
As Linkage disequilibrium (LD) is expected to decay with recombination and increase the physical distance between markers [48], Fig. 1 shows different estimates of genome-wide LD for each of the eight populations, and declines in LD with increasing genomic distance across and within breeds
Large differences were observed between Sapsaree, Lhasa Apso, and the other breeds

Summary

Introduction

The Sapsaree is a breed of dog (Canis familiaris) native to Korea, which became perilously close to extinction in the mid-1980s. The domestic dog (Canis familiaris) is the most phenotypically diverse mammalian species, and one of the first animals to be domesticated by humans [1,2,3]. The gray wolf (Canis lupus) is the common ancestor of domesticated dogs, which have since been differentiated through artificial selection of the hugely. Evidence suggests dogs have been present on the Korean peninsula for a long period of time, the specifics of canine domestication are not well understood. Some have hypothesized that current dog breeds on the Korean peninsula were gradually introduced with the influx of humans. Among the native Korean dog breeds, the Jindo, Sapsaree, and Donggyeong are protected as a designated ‘natural monument’ by the Korean government

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