Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Natural Lycorma delicatula (White) (Hemiptera: Fulgoridea) Populations in China as Revealed by Microsatellite and Mitochondrial Markers.

Li Zhang,Daozheng Qin,Wenhui Zhao,Fuping Wang

doi:10.3390/insects10100312

Abstract

The spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula (White) (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae), is a polyphagous pest originating in China and now widely distributed in Asian countries. This is one of the more serious forestry pests with a broad host range and causes significant economic losses. Molecular comparison has been used to investigate this pest’s origin in China, and recent studies have explored the genetic structure among populations in Korea. However, the population structure of this pest in China remains poorly understood. In this study, 13 microsatellite markers and two mitochondrial markers (from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotid (NADH) dehydrogenase subunit 2 (ND2) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 6 (ND6) regions) were used to reveal the origins and dispersal of L. delicatula based on a genetic analysis of Chinese populations from eight locations. Results show a low to high level of genetic differentiation among populations and significant genetic differentiation between both two clusters and four clusters. The network and phylogenetic analyses for mitochondrial haplotypes and population structure analyses for microsatellite datasets suggest that there is potential gene flow between geographical populations. The populations from Zhejiang and Fujian provinces may come from the other geographical populations in north China. The populations from Beijing, Henan, and Anhui provinces were regarded as the major source of migrants with a high number of migrants leaving (the effective number of migrants (Nem) = 24.40) and the low number of migrants entering (Nem = 2.05) based on the microsatellite dataset, where significant asymmetrical effective migrants to the other populations were detected by non-overlapping 95% confidence intervals.

Highlights

The spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula [1] (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Fulgoridae), is a polyphagous pest first found in north China [1,2,3]
Mean null allele frequencies calculated using FreeNA across populations ranged from 0.002 to 0.048, these results indicate little effect on the population genetic analyses
This study found the genetic diversity of L. delicatula populations in areas south of the Yangtze River to be higher than that in the north populations (Table 2) based on microsatellite and mtDNA datasets

Summary

Introduction

The spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula [1] (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Fulgoridae), is a polyphagous pest first found in north China [1,2,3]. L. delicatula is one of the serious forestry pests with a broad host range including fruit trees and ornamental plants [11,15,16] It is univoltine, with nymphs emerging from April to May, becoming adults from late June to August, and Insects 2019, 10, 312; doi:10.3390/insects10100312 www.mdpi.com/journal/insects. A sooty mold disease that interferes with photosynthesis will result due to the overall damage and the sugary excretions of L. delicatula [17,22] This pest pierces and sucks the branches and leaves of grapevines, leading to a decline in the quality and yield of grapes, and has resulted in extensive economic losses in western Korea (such as Seoul, Incheon, Cheongju, Cheon-an) [18,23]

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Results

Discussion

Conclusion