Abstract
Hopea hainanensis Merrill & Chun (Dipterocarpaceae) is an endangered tree species restricted to Hainan Island, China and a small part of Northern Vietnam. On Hainan Island, it is an important indicator species for tropical forests. However, because of its highly valued timber, H. hainanensis has suffered from overexploitation, leading to a sharp population decline. To facilitate the conservation of this species, genetic diversity and population structure were assessed using 12 SSR markers for 10 populations sampled across Hainan Island. Compared to non-threatened Hopea species, H. hainanensis exhibited reduced overall genetic diversity and increased population differentiation (AMOVA: FST = 0.23). Bayesian model-based clustering and principal coordinate analysis consistently assigned H. hainanensis individuals into three genetic groups, which were found to be widespread and overlapping geographically. A Mantel test found no correlation between genetic and geographical distances (r = 0.040, p = 0.418). The observed genetic structure suggests that long-distance gene flow occurred among H. hainanensis populations prior to habitat fragmentation. A recent population bottleneck was revealed, which may cause rapid loss of genetic diversity and increased differentiation across populations. Based on these findings, appropriate strategies for the long-term conservation of the endangered species H. hainanensis are proposed.
Highlights
Earth’s biodiversity is rapidly declining as a consequence of agricultural expansion, overexploitation, deforestation, pollution and climate change [1,2,3]
The goal of the study was to quantify the amount of genetic variation in H. hainanensis populations on Hainan Island, and compare this to the genetic diversity of non-threatened Hopea species
76 individuals were collected from 10 natural reserves for population genetic analyses, as H. hainanensis is very rare in tropical forests of Hainan Island [17] (Table 1, Fig 1)
Summary
Earth’s biodiversity is rapidly declining as a consequence of agricultural expansion, overexploitation, deforestation, pollution and climate change [1,2,3]. 40% of plant species are threatened with extinction [4]. Conservation genetics, a new discipline that applies the concepts and tools of population genetics to biological conservation, is aimed at preserving endangered species from extinction [1]. Endangered species are commonly characterized by small, fragmented populations and restricted gene flow among populations [3]. In small, isolated populations, mating occurs more frequently among relatives, and a shift to selfing may be observed in hermaphroditic plants.
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