Genetic Diversity and Demographic History of Ganoderma boninense in Oil Palm Plantations of Sarawak, Malaysia Inferred from ITS Regions.

Midot Midot,Yap Yap,Wong Wong,Lau Lau,Jee Jee,Tung Tung,Dom Dom,Melling Melling,Lo Lo

doi:10.3390/microorganisms7100464

Midot Midot, Yap Yap + Show 7 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7100464

Copy DOI

Journal: Microorganisms	Publication Date: Oct 16, 2019
Citations: 25	License type: CC BY 4.0

Affiliation: University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus

Abstract

Ganoderma boninense causes basal stem rot (BSR) and is responsible for substantial economic losses to Southeast Asia’s palm oil industry. Sarawak, a major producer in Malaysia, is also affected by this disease. Emergence of BSR in oil palm planted on peat throughout Sarawak is alarming as the soil type was previously regarded as non-conducive. Phylogenetic analysis indicated a single species, G. boninense as the cause of BSR in Sarawak. Information on evolutionary and demographic history for G. boninense in Sarawak inferred through informative genes is lacking. Hence, a haplotype study on single nucleotide polymorphisms in internal transcribed spacers (SNPs-ITS) of G. boninense was carried out. Sequence variations were analysed for population structure, phylogenetic and phylogeographic relationships. The internal transcribed spacers (ITS) region of 117 isolates from four populations in eight locations across Sarawak coastal areas revealed seven haplotypes. A major haplotype, designated GbHap1 (81.2%), was found throughout all sampling locations. Single nucleotide polymorphisms were observed mainly in the ITS1 region. The genetic structure was not detected, and genetic distance did not correlate with geographical distance. Haplotype network analysis suggested evidence of recent demographic expansion. Low genetic differences among populations also suggested that these isolates belong to a single G. boninense founder population adapting to oil palm as the host.

Highlights

Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is a monoecious species of the Arecaceae family
Multiple alignments of the available record of G. boninense sequences in GenBank® which consisted of a partial 18S small subunit gene and complete ITS1 region sequence revealed that our samples were missing 13 nucleotides from the 3 terminus of the 18S small subunit gene
This study shed light on the phylogenetic and phylogeographic relationships of G. boninense isolates collected throughout oil palm plantations planted on peat located near coastal areas in Sarawak

Summary

Introduction

Oil palm is the world’s leading source of vegetable oil and fat with palm oil and palm kernel oil accounting for approximately 81.85 million metric tons (40.2%) of the world’s vegetable oil supply in 2018 [1]. Malaysia and Indonesia are major palm oil producers in Southeast Asia and together produced 62 million metric tons (85%) of global palm oil production in 2018 [1]. In Malaysia, oil palm plantations, with a total planted area of 5.85 million hectares, produced 20.5 million metric tons of palm oil (25% of world palm oil supplies), with Sabah and Sarawak being the largest producers in the country [1,2]. As palm oil is the lowest priced oil [1], it is expected to continuously attract demand globally. The sustainability of the oil palm industry is critical to ensure continuous production

Methods

Results

Conclusion