Abstract
BackgroundHuman enterovirus 71 (EV-71) is known of having caused numerous outbreaks of hand-foot-mouth disease, and other clinical manifestations globally. In 2008, 989 EV-71 strains were isolated in Taiwan.ResultsIn this study, the genetic and antigenic properties of these strains were analyzed and the genetic diversity of EV-71 subgenogroups surfacing in Taiwan was depicted, which includes 3 previously reported subgenogroups of C5, B5, and C4, and one C2-like subgenogroup. Based on the phylogenetic analyses using their complete genome nucleotide sequences and neutralization tests, the C2-like subgenogroup forms a genetically distinct cluster from other subgenogroups, and the antisera show a maximum of 128-fold decrease of neutralization titer against this subgenogroup. In addition, the subgenogroup C4 isolates of 2008 were found quite similar genetically to the Chinese strains that caused outbreaks in recent years and thus they should be carefully watched.ConclusionsOther than to be the first report describing the existence of C2-like subgenogroup of EV-71 in Taiwan, this article also foresees a potential of subgenogroup C4 outbreaks in Taiwan in the near future.
Highlights
Human enterovirus 71 (EV-71) is known of having caused numerous outbreaks of hand-foot-mouth disease, and other clinical manifestations globally
There are over one hundred serotypes identified in the genus Enterovirus [2], which was originally classified into polioviruses, coxsackievirus A, coxsackievirus B, and echoviruses on the basis of differences in cell tropism, infectivity, antigenicity, and pathogenicity [1]
The genus Enterovirus was re-classified into ten species, Human enterovirus A, Human enterovirus B, Human enterovirus C, Human enterovirus D, Simian enterovirus A, Bovine enterovirus, Porcine enterovirus B, Human rhinovirus A, Human rhinovirus B, and Human rhinovirus C based on the molecular characteristics
Summary
Human enterovirus 71 (EV-71) is known of having caused numerous outbreaks of hand-foot-mouth disease, and other clinical manifestations globally. There are over one hundred serotypes identified in the genus Enterovirus [2], which was originally classified into polioviruses, coxsackievirus A, coxsackievirus B, and echoviruses on the basis of differences in cell tropism, infectivity, antigenicity, and pathogenicity [1]. The nonstructural proteins are involved in polyprotein processing, and the capsid proteins, especially VP1, contain many neutralization antigenic sites and correspond to the virus serotyping [6]. The N-terminal portion of the VP1 capsid protein (composed of 297 amino acids) was likely to contain a major antigenic region and had important neutralizing antibody determinants [7,8]. Three regions on the VP1 protein (amino acid 66-77, 145-159, and 247-261) were identified to be capable of inducing human EV-71-specific CD4+ T-cell proliferation [10]. Multiple strains circulating at the same area may increase the possibility of recombination, and many recombinants have been observed in EV [11,12,13]
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