Abstract
Salmonella is one of the major foodborne pathogens worldwide. The antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of this foodborne pathogen has raised a great concern in recent years. Studies on the frequency and characterization of Salmonella serotypes can help to improve our knowledge on the epidemiology of this pathogen. The purpose of this study was to compare the serotypes, AMR and genetic profiles of Salmonella isolates recovered from raw beef throughout the beef production chain and from human feces associated with clinical cases of salmonellosis. The serotype, AMR and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profile of 243 Salmonella enterica isolates recovered from beef carcasses (n = 78), ground beef (n = 135), and human feces from clinical cases of salmonellosis (n = 30) were compared. Forty-three different Salmonella serotypes were identified and regardless of the source, the top five corresponded to Typhimurium, Give, Group B (partially serotyped), Infantis and Anatum. Twelve serotypes from beef carcasses were also found in ground beef, showing their presence throughout the beef production chain. Salmonella Typhimurium, Infantis, Anatum and Montevideo were the only serotypes identified in all sample types. Resistance to tetracyclines was the most frequent (41.2%) followed by resistance to aminoglycosides (37%), folate pathway inhibitors (21%), quinolones (20.2%), phenicols (17.1%), penicillins (15.6%) and cephems (7%). Multidrug resistance was observed in 28.8% of the isolates, and those from human feces showed resistance to a larger number of antimicrobials. Great concern arises from the resistance and reduced susceptibility observed to quinolones and cephalosporins because these drugs are the first line of treatment for invasive Salmonella infections. Twenty-seven distinct pulse-types were detected among 238 isolates. Clustering analysis for the most frequent serotypes identified groups of isolates with similar AMR profiles. Multidrug resistance spreading throughout the food production chain should be continually monitored and its importance emphasized.
Highlights
Salmonella is one of the major foodborne pathogens worldwide
In order to compare isolates from food and human origin, 30 Salmonella isolates were recovered from human feces associated with clinical cases of diarrhea occurring in health-care institutions; their serotypes, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) profiles were analyzed for this investigation
The present investigation consisted of a descriptive study on the diversity and relatedness of 243 Salmonella enterica strains isolated from C (n = 78), G (n = 135) and H (n = 30) samples based on their serotype, AMR and PFGE profile
Summary
Salmonella is one of the major foodborne pathogens worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) has measured the global burden of foodborne diseases and estimated that non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica accounted for more than 78 million cases of foodborne illnesses worldwide with approximately 59,000 deaths in 2010 (Havelaar et al, 2015; World Health Organization, 2015b). In Mexico, national health authorities reported more than 5 million cases of gastrointestinal infections in 2016, constituting the second cause of morbidity in this country; 77,614 of those (approximately 1.5%) corresponded to cases of salmonellosis (Secretaríade Salud, 2016). High frequencies of Salmonella in raw meats has been reported in Mexico; the pathogen was isolated from 6.4 to 28.6% of beef carcass samples collected at small non-federally inspected abattoirs (Perez-Montano et al, 2012), from 29.9% of raw beef samples collected at retail, and from 56.7 to 71% of ground beef samples obtained from butcher’s shops (Cabrera-Diaz et al, 2013; Martinez-Chavez et al, 2015)
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