Abstract
Little is known about the genetic divergence in the chromosomal regions with domesticated and non-domesticated genes. The objective of our study is to examine the effect of natural selection on shaping genetic diversity of chromosome region with domesticated and non-domesticated genes in barley using 110 SSR markers. Comparison of the genetic diversity loss between wild and cultivated barley for each chromosome showed that chromosome 5H had the highest divergence of 35.29%, followed by 3H, 7H, 4H, 2H, 6H. Diversity ratio was calculated as (diversity of wild type – diversity of cultivated type)/diversity of wild type×100%. It was found that diversity ratios of the domesticated regions on 5H, 1H and 7H were higher than those of non-domesticated regions. Diversity ratio of the domesticated region on 2H and 4H is similar to that of non-domesticated region. However, diversity ratio of the domesticated region on 3H is lower than that of non-domesticated region. Averaged diversity among six chromosomes in domesticated region was 33.73% difference between wild and cultivated barley, and was 27.56% difference in the non-domesticated region. The outcome of this study advances our understanding of the evolution of crop chromosomes.
Highlights
Domestication is a complex evolutionary process involving interaction between humans and the plants they used [1]
The objective of our study is to examine the genetic diversity in barley chromosomal regions with domesticated and non-domesticated genes using
Previous studies have demonstrated that SSRs markers displayed a very high degree of polymorphism in both wild barley and landrace accessions [18,36]
Summary
Domestication is a complex evolutionary process involving interaction between humans and the plants they used [1]. Selection has led to morphological and physiological changes between domesticated taxa and their wild ancestors [2], and shaped the genomes of all living creatures in earth, including domesticated plants and animals. Darwin clearly believed that breeds were formed by both natural and artificial selections, “The key (to domestic breeding) is man's power to accumulative selection: nature gives successive variations; man adds them up in certain directions useful to him” [3]. When selective pressure acts on individuals, it leads to the changes of genetic content in the population [4]. Positive selection (purifying or directional selection), which refers to the selection process through it a particular phenotype (or genotype) is favored in a given environment, and leads to an increase of allelic
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