Genetic, chemical, and biological diversity in Mangifera indica L. cultivars

Rehabm S Ashour,Haidya Gad,Sabahh El-Gayed,Sehams El-Hawary,Gehada Abdel Jaleel

doi:10.4103/pr.pr_99_19

Abstract

Context: Mango is a valuable plant with vital economic importance; the leaves of its cultivars show several morphological similarities. Aims: Full differentiation of the leaves of eight Mangifera indica L. cultivars depending on genetic, chemical, and biological bases. Settings and Design: Chemometric analysis was applied to fully distinguish the diversity among cultivars; also, their gastroprotective activity was studied. Subjects and Methods: DNA fingerprinting of eight mango cultivars using random amplified polymorphic DNA–polymerase chain reaction technique and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of phenolic compounds and flavonoids were compared using chemometric analysis. Furthermore, estimation of total polyphenolics and flavonoids and gastroprotective activity was studied.Statistical Analysis Used: One-way analysis of variance was used, followed by Tukey's post hoc test. Results: Primers OPA-O7 and OPA-O8 showed 100% polymorphism. Total polyphenolics and flavonoids concentrations varied greatly (14.58 in Tommy atkins to 29.54 in Fagrklan g gallic acid equivalent/100 g extract and 22.49 in Tommy atkins to 93.40 in Fagrklan g rutin equivalent/100 g extract, respectively). HPLC quantification revealed that Kent had relatively high mangiferin content (732.446 mg/kg), and caffeic acid was recorded in the tested cultivars (2266.66 in Keitt to 1106.94 mg/kg in Naaomy). Pylorus ligation model in rats was used to assess gastroprotective potential at a dose of 200 mg/kg using standard ranitidine. High percentage protection was observed in Kent (65.62%), whereas Keitt showed the lowest percentage protection (45.31%). No direct correlation could be deduced between concentration of detected metabolites and the gastroprotective effect, so this activity might be attributed to synergistic effect between all secondary metabolites. Conclusions: This study spots the light on the great variation among the tested extracts; in addition, it provides effective techniques that pave the way for complete discrimination of these mango cultivars.

Highlights

Mangoes are members of genus Mangifera; it consists of about 70 genera, family Anacardiaceae
It is usually cultivated for its fruit, which is considered to be as the “king of fruits” or “superfruit.”[3] Mangifera indica L. is an important medicinal plant the fruit and different parts of mango tree had various reported biological activities.[4]
By utilizing the data obtained from high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in combination with chemometrics, the results showed the successful application of principal component analysis (PCA) in the segregation of different mango cultivars based on the identified peak areas, which confirmed the diversity in their composition quantitatively

Summary

Introduction

Mangoes are members of genus Mangifera; it consists of about 70 genera, family Anacardiaceae. Historical records showed that its cultivation started in India more than 4000 years ago.[1] Over one thousand mango cultivars are found around the world.[2] It is usually cultivated for its fruit, which is considered to be as the “king of fruits” or “superfruit.”[3] Mangifera indica L. is an important medicinal plant the fruit and different parts of mango tree had various reported biological activities.[4] Mangoes possess hypolipidemic, anticancer, antiparasitic, anti‐HIV, antispasmodic, antidiarrheal, gastroprotective immunomodulation, antimicrobial, antifungal, antipyretic, anthelmintic and hepatoprotective activities.[5] In Egypt, the immunostimulant, anticancer, and antimicrobial activities of the volatile oil of the peel of three mango cultivars (Zebdeya, Hindi, and Cobaneya) were investigated.[6] They are considered a rich source of polyphenolics mainly mangiferin, phenolic acids, and flavonoids, found in all parts (pulp, peel, seed, bark, leaf, and flower) in various concentrations. The importance of polyphenolics arises primarily from their antioxidant capabilities, protection against many diseases.[7]

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