Genetic characterization and ex-vivo neutralization behavior of bluetongue virus serotype-16 recovered from apparently healthy goat

Abstract

Bluetongue virus (BTV) infects almost all the domestic and wild ruminants though the clinical disease is most commonly reported in sheep and some species of deer. Goat and cattle are the most common asymptomatic reservoir of the virus. Full genome sequencing and serological characterization of the virus isolates are emphasized for understanding the phylogenetic relationship and molecular epidemiology of bluetongue (BT). In this study, we report phylogenetic and phenotypic antigenic relationship of a BTV serotype-16 (PDP2/13/Ind) recovered from an apparently healthy goat from the state of Uttarakhand, a hilly terrain of sub-Himalayan India with four other BTV-16 isolates. The full genome sequence data was analyzed and the phylogenetic relationship of the goat isolate with other BTV-16 was established. Phylogenetic analysis revealed cluster of PDP2/13/Ind along with other Indian BTV-16 isolates indicating their close ancestral relationship. A cohesive ancestral relationship, irrespective of the genome segments analyzed, was also observed between Indian and Mediterranean BTV-16. The mean substitution rate of different segments of BTV-16 isolates varied from 3.231 × 10−5 (seg-2) to 1.129 × 10-3 (seg-6) substitutions per site per year. Timescale analysis indicated that all the segments had an older ancestor. No statistically significant geographic structuring of BTV-16 isolates was observed indicating frequent gene flow. The goat isolate shares highest identity (99.5%–99.8%) with G53/ABT/HSR, a BTV-16 recovered from the western part of the country whereas high level of divergence (11.9%–33.3%) at genomic segment level was observed with a Nigerian BTV-16 (NIG1982/10). Phenotypic antigenic relationship (r) of PDP2/13/Ind with other isolate-specific hyperimmune serum (HIS) determined from serum neutralization titer was 0.672 ± 0.058 to 0.948 ± 0.09. On other hand, the calculated ‘r’ score was 0.636 ± 0.063 to 0.814 ± 0.201 when HIS against PDP2/13/Ind was used to neutralize the other BTV-16 isolates. The percentage antigenic similarity (R) of the PDP2/13/Ind with other BTV-16 isolates was 65.39 ± 5.38–87.67 ± 14.86. Data suggests presence of subtype antigenic variation amongst the BTV-16 isolates recovered from the goats of a geographically restricted area of the state of Uttarakhand, India.