Abstract
Anthrax is a global re-emerging zoonotic disease and is an endemic disease in China, especially in rural regions. In this study, the general characteristics of human anthrax outbreaks that occurred in areas of northwestern China over the past decade have been described. Meanwhile, the genetic characteristics of Bacillus anthracis isolated from these areas from 1990 to 2016 were analyzed by means of canonical single-nucleotide polymorphism (canSNP) analysis and multilocus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) with 15 markers. Five sublineages/subgroups, namely, A.Br.001/002, A.Br.Vollum, A.Br.Aust94, A.Br.Ames and A.Br.008/009, were detected by using 13 canSNP sites. All of the sublineages were found in Xinjiang province, while one sublineage was found in Shaanxi, two in Gansu, three in Qinghai and four in Inner Mongolia. However, the geographical distribution of the B. anthracis populations exhibited different canSNP characteristics from those of the strains isolated before 1990 in China. In contrast to previous data, the A.Br.Ames subgroup was also observed to be scattered from Inner Mongolia to other provinces. All 106 strains were assigned to 36 MLVA15 genotypes, and 21 of these types were first observed in this study. The strains collected from anthrax outbreaks in recent decade were classified as subgroups A.Br.001/002 and A.Br.Ames and identified as genotypes MLVA15-28, MLVA15-30, MLVA15-31, MLVA15-38, MLVA15-CHN3, and MLVA15-CHN18. By canSNP analysis and MLVA, we found that the diversification of MLVA genotypes and the geographical distribution of B. anthracis populations is gradually becoming balanced across northwestern China. This study also provides preliminary survey results regarding the population diversity of B. anthracis in China, which will help promote the prevention and control of this important disease.
Highlights
Anthrax, caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis, is primarily a disease in herbivores and sometimes sparks outbreaks in humans, with potentially serious consequences [1,2,3,4]
The general characteristics of human anthrax outbreaks that occurred in northwestern China over the past decade were described
Genetic characteristics of Bacillus anthracis characteristics of Bacillus anthracis isolated from these areas from 1990 to 2016 were analyzed with the canonical single-nucleotide polymorphism (canSNP) and MLVA15 methods
Summary
Anthrax, caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis, is primarily a disease in herbivores and sometimes sparks outbreaks in humans, with potentially serious consequences [1,2,3,4]. This disease is enzootic in most countries in Africa and Asia, as well as in some countries in Europe and America [4,5]. Because of its wide distribution and its potential use for bioterrorism, anthrax is considered a global public health threat [7]. The emergence of “injectional anthrax” among heroin users in Europe highlights the possibility of new routes for the spread of human anthrax [7,8]
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