Genetic Association of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Major Depression With Suicidal Ideation and Attempts in Children: The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study

Abstract

BackgroundSuicide is among the leading causes of death in children and adolescents. There are well-known risk factors of suicide, including childhood abuse, family conflicts, social adversity, and psychopathology. While suicide risk is also known to be heritable, few studies have investigated genetic risk in younger individuals. MethodsUsing polygenic risk score analysis, we examined whether genetic susceptibility to major psychiatric disorders is associated with suicidal behaviors among 11,878 children enrolled in the ABCD (Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development) Study. Suicidal ideation and suicide attempt data were assessed using the youth report of the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for DSM-5. After performing robust quality control of genotype data, unrelated individuals of European descent were included in analyses (n = 4344). ResultsAmong 8 psychiatric disorders we examined, depression polygenic risk scores were associated with lifetime suicide attempts both in the baseline (odds ratio = 1.55, 95% CI = 1.10–2.18, p = 1.27 × 10−2) and in the follow-up year (odds ratio = 1.38, 95% CI = 1.08–1.77, p = 1.05 × 10−2), after adjusting for children’s age, sex, socioeconomic backgrounds, family history of suicide, and psychopathology. In contrast, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder polygenic risk scores were associated with lifetime suicidal ideation (odds ratio = 1.15, 95% CI = 1.05–1.26, p = 3.71 × 10−3), suggesting a distinct contribution of the genetic risk underlying attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and depression on suicidal behaviors of children. ConclusionsThe largest genetic sample of suicide risk data in U.S. children suggests a significant genetic basis of suicide risk related to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and depression. Further research is warranted to examine whether incorporation of genomic risk may facilitate more targeted screening and intervention efforts.