Abstract
Atopic dermatitis is a heterogeneous disease, in which the pathogenesis is associated with mutations in genes encoding epidermal structural proteins, barrier enzymes, and their inhibitors; the role of genes regulating innate and adaptive immune responses and environmental factors inducing the disease is also noted. Recent studies point to the key role of epigenetic changes in the development of the disease. Epigenetic modifications are mainly mediated by DNA methylation, histone acetylation, and the action of specific non-coding RNAs. It has been documented that the profile of epigenetic changes in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) differs from that observed in healthy people. This applies to the genes affecting the regulation of immune response and inflammatory processes, e.g., both affecting Th1 bias and promoting Th2 responses and the genes of innate immunity, as well as those encoding the structural proteins of the epidermis. Understanding of the epigenetic alterations is therefore pivotal to both create new molecular classifications of atopic dermatitis and to enable the development of personalized treatment strategies.
Highlights
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is one of the most common skin diseases affecting about 10–25% of children in industrialized countries and 7–10% of adults [1,2].While the disease often begins early in infancy (50% within the first 6 months), the majority of cases resolve spontaneously; the disease may persist into adulthood and can be debilitating
Recent data indicate that the profile of epigenetic changes in patients suffering from atopic dermatitis (AD) differs from that seen in healthy individuals
AD is a heterogeneous disease in which the interplay between genomic changes associated with mutations in the key barrier and immune genes and a spectrum of environmental factors play a fundamental role in the pathogenesis
Summary
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is one of the most common skin diseases affecting about 10–25% of children in industrialized countries and 7–10% of adults [1,2]. The study of published data by Flohr et al indicates that the frequency of atopy vary from 47% to 75% This depends on the age of diagnosis, study size studies and hospital patients examinations [4]. The T cell which infiltrates the skin lesions include both Th2 and Th1 cells, as well as other T cell lineages i.e., Th17 and Th22 [11,15,18,19,20]. This is in contrast to psoriasis, another persistent inflammatory skin disease, where Th1 and Th17 subsets dominate in skin [21,22]
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