Abstract
Background: Stressful life events (SLEs) and neuroticism are risk factors for major depressive disorder (MDD). However, SLEs and neuroticism are heritable and genetic risk for SLEs is associated with risk for MDD. We sought to investigate the genetic and environmental contributions to SLEs in a family-based sample, and quantify genetic overlap with MDD and neuroticism. Methods: A subset of Generation Scotland: the Scottish Family Health Study (GS), consisting of 9618 individuals with information on MDD, past 6 month SLEs, neuroticism and genome-wide genotype data was used in the present study. We estimated the heritability of SLEs using GCTA software. The environmental contribution to SLEs was assessed by modelling familial, couple and sibling components. Using polygenic risk scores (PRS) and LD score regression (LDSC) we analysed the genetic overlap between MDD, neuroticism and SLEs. Results: Past 6-month life events were positively associated with lifetime MDD status (β=0.21, r 2=1.1%, p=2.5 x 10 -25) and neuroticism (β =0.13, r 2=1.9%, p=1.04 x 10 -37) at the phenotypic level. Common SNPs explained 8% of the phenotypic variance in personal life events (those directly affecting the individual) (S.E.=0.03, p= 9 x 10 -4). A significant effect of couple environment was detected accounting for 13% (S.E.=0.03, p=0.016) of the phenotypic variation in SLEs. PRS analyses found that reporting more SLEs was associated with a higher polygenic risk for MDD (β =0.05, r 2=0.3%, p=3 x 10 -5), but not a higher polygenic risk for neuroticism. LDSC showed a significant genetic correlation between SLEs and both MDD (r G=0.33, S.E.=0.08 ) and neuroticism (r G=0.15, S.E.=0.07). Conclusions: These findings suggest that SLEs should not be regarded solely as environmental risk factors for MDD as they are partially heritable and this heritability is shared with risk for MDD and neuroticism. Further work is needed to determine the causal direction and source of these associations.
Highlights
The importance of stressful life events (SLEs) in the aetiology of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is widely recognised[1,2,3]
LD score regression (LDSC) showed a significant genetic correlation between SLEs and both major depressive disorder (MDD) and neuroticism. These findings suggest that SLEs should not be regarded solely as environmental risk factors for MDD as they are partially heritable and this heritability is shared with risk for MDD and neuroticism
The relative risk (RR) risk for MDD peaked in individuals reporting 4 SLEs compared to individuals reporting no life events (RR=1.91, 95% C.I.=1.50-2.44) (Supplementary Figure 1)
Summary
The importance of stressful life events (SLEs) in the aetiology of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is widely recognised[1,2,3]. Understanding the precise relationship between reporting SLEs and MDD has, proven challenging as factors, such as genetics and early environment, influence both traits[4]. SLEs are categorized into dependent events and independent events. The estimated heritability of dependent life events (28–45%) is higher than independent life events (7%), which tend to be more strongly influenced by familial environment[9,10]. Stressful life events (SLEs) and neuroticism are risk factors for major depressive disorder (MDD). We sought to investigate the genetic and environmental contributions to SLEs in a family-based sample, and quantify genetic overlap with MDD and neuroticism
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