Abstract
Along with the excessive use of antibiotics, the emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria has become a public health problem and a great challenge vis-à-vis the control and treatment of bacterial infections. As the natural predators of bacteria, phages have reattracted researchers’ attentions. Phage therapy is regarded as one of the most promising alternative strategies to fight pathogens in the post-antibiotic era. Recently, genetic and chemical engineering methods have been applied in phage modification. Among them, genetic engineering includes the expression of toxin proteins, modification of host recognition receptors, and interference of bacterial phage-resistant pathways. Chemical engineering, meanwhile, involves crosslinking phage coats with antibiotics, antimicrobial peptides, heavy metal ions, and photothermic matters. Those advances greatly expand the host range of phages and increase their bactericidal efficiency, which sheds light on the application of phage therapy in the control of multidrug-resistant pathogens. This review reports on engineered phages through genetic and chemical approaches. Further, we present the obstacles that this novel antimicrobial has incurred.
Highlights
In recent years, multidrug-resistant bacterial infections have emerged as one of the most challenging global public health threats, causing severe influences on food safety, environmental ecology, and the social economy [1,2]
He et al [64] linked the photosensitizer AIEgens with photodynamic inactivation (PDI) activity to the surface of phage PAP through an amide bond to form a new type of antibacterial biological conjugate (AIEgens–PAP), which could selectively kill P. aeruginosa (Figure 3B)
Phage therapy has not been popularized on a large scale due to its poor therapeutic effects caused by the resistance of bacteria to phages
Summary
Multidrug-resistant bacterial infections have emerged as one of the most challenging global public health threats, causing severe influences on food safety, environmental ecology, and the social economy [1,2]. The application of phageof therapy limited its narits narrow host range and the range of antiviral strategies evolved in bacteria [10,11,12]. Researchers have developed different phage therapy stratetherapy strategies, including phage cocktails and the combination of phages with other gies, including phage cocktails and the combination of phages with other drugs [13,14,15]. Many researchers have attempted to develop novel importantly, many researchers have attempted to develop novel engineered phages engineered phages through genetic and chemical approaches. We summarized the current engineering strategies of phage modification for phage modification for MDR and discussed the current challenges of phage therapy.
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