Abstract
Abstract A two-dimensional cloud ensemble model is integrated over a basin-scale domain with prescribed sea surface temperature (SST), to study the formation and evolution of cloud clusters over a large-scale warm pool. Neither a basic zonal flow is prescribed nor is a single perturbation initially given. The results show that deep convective clouds appear in hierarchical clustered patterns and are limited to the area of warm SST above 28°C. The most fundamental cloud cluster in the model has a horizontal scale of a few hundred kilometers, in which new cumulus clouds are generated at the leading edge of a propagating surface cold-air pool—the “gust front.” It may last for days and propagate for a long distance if the background flow is broad and persistent as is the case in the low-level convergence zone of the SST-induced background flow. The largest hierarchical propagating cloud systems in the model have horizontal scales up to 3000 km and consist of up to four cloud clusters that are generally of gust...
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