Abstract

Discovery of Gcm2 as an essential transcription factor for parathyroid gland development disclosed another, unexpected source of circulating parathyroid hormone (PTH), the thymus. A recent phylogenetic analysis of Gcm2 has led to a new theory that parathyroid glands in tetrapods were transformed from the gills of fish during evolution. I review genes involved in the pathogenesis of hyper- and hypo-function of parathyroid glands as well as in the development of parathyroid tumors.

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